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Cited by 66Migration and Exile StudiesPeacebuilding and International SecurityMigration, Racism, and Human Rights

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 101 of the 101 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

‘Occupied Enclave’: Policing and the underbelly of humanitarian governance in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya

Brankamp, Hanno·2019·Political Geography
DOI 10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.02.008
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Abstract

Abstract This article transports discussions on the geographies of occupation to the refugee camp and infers that rethinking militarised policing in camps as a form of occupation brings into sharper relief the everyday violence of humanitarian governance. While most research on the administration of camps has focused on the biopolitical control of humanitarian agencies and NGOs that register, sustain, and manage refugee lives in exile, far less is known about the role of the police and paramilitary. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Kakuma refugee camp in northern Kenya, this article provides an alternative reading of the militarised spatialities of the camp, in which Kenya's (post)colonial disposition for state violence has merged indistinguishably with the contemporary securitisation of refugees, and the humanitarian need for unobstructed management of aid operations. This article proposes that these converging trajectories have transformed the refugee camp into a zone under military-style occupation: an ‘occupied enclave’. In this tightly controlled space, Kenyan police act as enforcers of humanitarian violence that is inflicted on a civilian population of refugees with precarious life chances and limited freedom of movement. This is analysed through four domains of occupation – architecture, bureaucracy, physical force and material extraction – that work in conjunction to produce violent spatial effects of immobility, exclusion, and exception. Revisiting the camp through this lens bridges the gap between the literatures on humanitarian governance and military occupation and reiterates the continuing importance of enclave spaces for governing mobile and unwanted populations.

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Slaughter, 2009, New issues in refugee research. A surrogate state? The role of UNHCR in protracted refugee situations, New Issues in Refugee Research, 168, 17

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Metadata

Authors
Brankamp, H.
Affiliations
University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author
Brankamp, Hanno
ORCID
Brankamp, Hanno
Venue
Political Geography
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2019-05
Volume
71
Pages
67-77
ISSN
0962-6298 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.polgeo.2019.02.008
OpenAlex
W2922298151
Cited by
62
References
101
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1
FWCI
13.09
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
  • www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
  • www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Political Geography (publishedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC (ES/J500112/1)
  • German National Academic Foundation
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Exile Studies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Peacebuilding and International Security
  • Social Sciences › Law › Migration, Racism, and Human Rights
Keywords
refugee camps, humanitarian governance, occupation, Kakuma refugee camp, everyday violence, exclusion, state violence, postcolonial state, bureaucracy, material extraction

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