The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Precambrian paleosols and atmospheric CO2 levels
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Mass-balance calculations give 10 to 50 PAL of CO2 at 2.7 Ga ago and 23÷3×3 PAL of CO2 at 2.2 Ga ago (42, 168).”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“However, these analyses assume that all the CO2 that entered the soils caused dissolution, so pCO2 could have been higher if only a fraction of CO2 had been used.”
From The Archean atmosphere (2020) · cites this paper as [42]
In the citing paper
“Geochemical measurements extend back to the late Archean and suggest that the CO 2 partial pressure (pCO 2 ) was likely significantly higher than in the modern atmosphere (Rye et al. 1995; Hessler et al. 2004; Sheldon 2006; Driese et al. 2011; Kanzaki and Murakami 2015) though significant uncertainty exists and no measurements for the early Archean or the Hadean are available”
From The young Sun's XUV-activity as a constraint for lower CO2-limits in the Earth's Archean atmosphere (2021) · cites this paper as Sheldon 2006
Citations
Cites
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
(2014) · doi:10.1201/b17118 · Cited by 57,706
Johnson, J. W., Oelkers, É. H., & Helgeson, H. C. (1992) · Computers & Geosciences · doi:10.1016/0098-3004(92)90029-q · Cited by 2,637
GEOCARB II; a Revised Model of Atmospheric CO 2 Over Phanerozoic Time
Berner, R. A. (1994) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.294.1.56 · Cited by 1,713
Kasting, J. F. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.11536547 · Cited by 1,374
GEOCARB III: A revised model of atmospheric CO2 over Phanerozoic time
Berner, R. A. (2001) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.301.2.182 · Cited by 1,323
Brimhall, G. H., & Dietrich, W. E. (1987) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0016-7037(87)90070-6 · Cited by 872
Greenhouse warming by CH 4 in the atmosphere of early Earth
Pavlov, A. A., Kasting, J. F., Brown, L. L., Rages, K. A., & Freedman, R. (2000) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets · doi:10.1029/1999je001134 · Cited by 537
Theoretical constraints on oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the Precambrian atmosphere
Kasting, J. F. (1987) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/0301-9268(87)90001-5 · Cited by 530
From a black to a gray box — a mass balance interpretation of pedogenesis
Chadwick, O. A., Brimhall, G. H., & Hendricks, D. M. (1990) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/0169-555x(90)90012-f · Cited by 462
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations before 2.2 billion years ago
Rye, R., Kuo, P. H., & Holland, H. D. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378603a0 · Cited by 431
Panahi, A., Young, G. M., & Rainbird, R. H. (2000) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00420-2 · Cited by 380
Physical and Chemical Weathering in Geochemical Cycles
Lerman, A., & Meybeck, M. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3071-1 · Cited by 356
Brimhall, G. H., Lewis Christopher, J., Ford, C., Bratt, J., Taylor, G., & Warin, O. (1991) · Geoderma · doi:10.1016/0016-7061(91)90066-3 · Cited by 300
A world model of soil carbon dioxide
Brook, G. A., Folkoff, M. E., & Box, E. O. (1983) · Earth Surface Processes and Landforms · doi:10.1002/esp.3290080108 · Cited by 287
Stranded on a Late Cambrian shoreline: Medusae from central Wisconsin
(2002) · doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030 · Cited by 236
Self-citationGeochemical evidence for terrestrial ecosystems 2.6 billion years ago
Watanabe, Y., Martini, J., & Ohmoto, H. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35046052 · Cited by 232
Evidence from massive siderite beds for a CO2-rich atmosphere before ~ 1.8 billion years ago
Ohmoto, H., Watanabe, Y., & Kumazawa, K. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02573 · Cited by 224
High CO2 levels in the Proterozoic atmosphere estimated from analyses of individual microfossils
Kaufman, A. J., & Xiao, S. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01902 · Cited by 193
A lower limit for atmospheric carbon dioxide levels 3.2 billion years ago
Hessler, A. M., Lowe, D. R., Jones, R. L., & Bird, D. K. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02471 · Cited by 148
Pedogenesis and geochemical alteration of the Picture Gorge subgroup, Columbia River basalt, Oregon
Sheldon, N. D. (2003) · Geological Society of America Bulletin · doi:10.1130/b25223.1 · Cited by 142
Self-citationPaleosols and Weathering Through Geologic Time: Principles and Applications
Reinhardt, J., & Sigleo, W. R. (1988) · Geological Society of America eBooks · doi:10.1130/spe216 · Cited by 140
The Depositional Environments of Precambrian Banded Iron-Formations
Eugster, H. P., & Chou, I. (1973) · Economic Geology · doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.68.7.1144 · Cited by 129
The Flin Flon Paleosol and the composition of the atmosphere 1.8 BYBP
Holland, H. D., Feakes, C. R., & Zbinden, E. (1989) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.289.4.362 · Cited by 109
Brady, P. V., Dorn, R. I., Brazel, A. J., Clark, J. C., Moore, R. B., & Glidewell, T. (1999) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0016-7037(99)00251-3 · Cited by 106
Well preserved late Precambrian Paleosols from Northwest Scotland
Retallack, G. J., & Mindszenty, A. (1994) · Journal of Sedimentary Research · doi:10.1306/d4267d7a-2b26-11d7-8648000102c1865d · Cited by 93
The sturgeon falls paleosol and the composition of the atmosphere 1.1 Ga BP
Zbinden, E., Holland, H. D., Feakes, C. R., & Dobos, S. (1988) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/0301-9268(88)90014-9 · Cited by 90
Paleosols and the Evolution of the Atmosphere: Part I
Holland, H. D., & Zbinden, E. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3071-1_4 · Cited by 83
Geology and geochemistry of Paleosols developed on the Hekpoort Basalt, Pretoria Group, South Africa
Rye, R. O. (2000) · American Journal of Science · doi:10.2475/ajs.300.2.85 · Cited by 81
Irrefutable detrital origin of Witwatersrand gold and evidence of eolian signatures
Minter, W. E. L. (1999) · Economic Geology · doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.94.5.665 · Cited by 77
Reappraisal of a 2200 Ma-old paleosol near Waterval Onder, South Africa
Retallack, G. J. (1986) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/0301-9268(86)90007-0 · Cited by 71
Possibility of chemical weathering before the advent of vascular land plants
Keller, C., & Wood, B. D. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/364223a0 · Cited by 65
Wiggering, H., & Beukes, N. J. (1990) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/0301-9268(90)90004-a · Cited by 62
Paleosols and Their Relevance to Precambrian Atmospheric Composition
Palmer, J. A., Phillips, G. N., & McCarthy, T. S. (1989) · The Journal of Geology · doi:10.1086/629282 · Cited by 57
Anoxic dissolution processes of biotite: implications for Fe behavior during Archean weathering
Murakami, T., Ito, J.-I., Utsunomiya, S., Kasama, T., Kozai, N., & Ohnuki, T. (2004) · Earth and Planetary Science Letters · doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.04.040 · Cited by 48
Fritz, S. J., & Toth, T. A. (1997) · Clays and Clay Minerals · doi:10.1346/ccmn.1997.0450409 · Cited by 45
Paleosols and the evolution of the atmosphere; Part II
Pinto, J. P., & Holland, H. D. (1988) · Geological Society of America eBooks · doi:10.1130/spe216-p21 · Cited by 41
Achyuthan, H. (2003) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/s1040-6182(02)00158-1 · Cited by 33
Retallack, G. J., & Krinsley, D. (1993) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/0301-9268(93)90003-k · Cited by 32
Microbial precipitation of siderite and protoferrihydrite in a biofilm
Sawicki, J. A., Brown, D. A., & Beveridge, T. J. (1995) · The Canadian Mineralogist · Cited by 30
Archaean atmosphere and climate
Kasting, J. F. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03166 · Cited by 16
Archaean palaeosols and Archaean air
Sleep, N. H. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03167 · Cited by 7
Middle Archean continent formation by crustal delamination
Zegers, T. E., & van Keken, P. E. (2001) · Geology · doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 45 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Phillips, 1997, Hydrothermal origin for Witwatersrand gold, Soc. Econ. Geol. Newslett., 31, 26
- Rye, 2000, Life associated with a 2.76Ga ephemeral pond? Evidence from Mount Roe #2 paleosol, Geology, 28, 483, 10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<483:LAWAGE>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
- Sheldon, 2002, Low oxygen levels in earliest Triassic soils, Geology, 30, 919, 10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0919:LOLIET>2.0.CO;2 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Quantitative paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstruction using paleosols
Sheldon, N. D., & Tabor, N. J. (2009) · Earth-Science Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.03.004 · Cited by 989
Self-citationLow Mid-Proterozoic atmospheric oxygen levels and the delayed rise of animals
Planavsky, N. J., Reinhard, C. T., Wang, X., Thomson, D., McGoldrick, P., Rainbird, R. H., Johnson, T., Fischer, W. W., & Lyons, T. W. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1258410 · Cited by 763
Catling, D. C., & Zahnle, K. J. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax1420 · Cited by 568
A Revised, Hazy Methane Greenhouse for the Archean Earth
Haqq-Misra, J. D., Domagal-Goldman, S. D., Kasting, P. J., & Kasting, J. F. (2008) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2007.0197 · Cited by 357
Constraining the climate and ocean pH of the early Earth with a geological carbon cycle model
Krissansen-Totton, J., Arney, G. N., & Catling, D. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1721296115 · Cited by 348
Metadata
- Authors
- Sheldon, N. D.
- Affiliations
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sheldon, Nathan D.
- ORCID
- Sheldon, Nathan D.
- Venue
- Precambrian Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-06
- Volume
- 147
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 148-155
- ISSN
- 0301-9268 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2154982349
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 5.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Precambrian Research (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Geology and Paleoclimatology Research
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- atmospheric CO2, thermodynamic modeling, faint young Sun paradox
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review