The DOI matches its Crossref record; 62 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Locus of control: Relation to schizophrenia, to recovery, and to depression and psychosis — A 15-year longitudinal study
Open accessAbstract
The present prospectively designed 15-year longitudinal research was conducted to study whether locus of control is linked to diagnosis, to major symptoms, to functioning and recovery, and to personality for schizophrenia patients, depressive patients, and patients with other major disorders. The research studied 128 patients from the Chicago Follow-up Study at the acute phase and reassessed them 5 times over a 15-year period. Patients were evaluated on locus of control, global outcome, recovery, premorbid developmental achievements, psychosis, diagnosis, depression, and personality variables. 1) After the acute phase, schizophrenia patients were not more external than other diagnostic groups. 2) Internality is significantly associated with increased recovery in schizophrenia. 3) A more external locus of control was significantly related to depression. 4) The relationship between externality and psychosis was significant. In severe psychiatric disorders a more external locus of control is not specific to schizophrenia and after the acute phase is not associated with one particular diagnostic group. A more external locus of control is significantly related to fewer periods of recovery, to both depressed mood and psychosis, and to various aspects of personality.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, although it has not been studied in the context of digital interventions, an internal locus of control is associated with increased treatment motivation, compliance and treatment adherence, and better treatment outcomes in individuals with serious mental illnesses [135].”
From The therapeutic alliance in digital mental health interventions for serious mental illnesses: narrative review (2020) · cites this paper as [135]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Society and the Adolescent Self-Image
Rosenberg, M. (1965) · doi:10.1515/9781400876136 · Cited by 30,126
Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement.
Rotter, J. B. (1966) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0092976 · Cited by 21,937
Spitzer, R. L. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770300115013 · Cited by 6,946
Endicott, J. (1978) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770310043002 · Cited by 5,697
Hopelessness depression: A theory-based subtype of depression.
Abramson, L. Y., Metalsky, G. I., & Alloy, L. B. (1989) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037//0033-295x.96.2.358 · Cited by 3,722
Social Class and Mental Illness
Hunt, R. G., Hollingshead, A. B., & Redlich, F. C. (1959) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1420236 · Cited by 3,307
The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being.
DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.2.197 · Cited by 3,038
Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study
Hollingshead, A. B., & Redlich, F. C. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.97.10.1756 · Cited by 1,846
The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcome Assessment
Maruish, M. E., & Leahy, R. L. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.14.2.205 · Cited by 1,634
Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.693 · Cited by 1,480
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Telesh, K. (2003). Relationships between a multidimensional construct of insight into mental illness, duration of illness, and locus of control. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 64, 433.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tremain, H., McEnery, C., Fletcher, K., & Murray, G. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/17204 · Cited by 193
Harrow, M., Jobe, T. H., & Faull, R. N. (2012) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712000220 · Cited by 208
Self-citationLaplante-Lévesque, A., Hickson, L. M. H., & Worrall, L. E. (2011) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0b013e31822c26dc · Cited by 113
Culpin, I., Stapinski, L. A., Miles, Ö. B., Araya, R., & Joinson, C. J. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.05.030 · Cited by 108
Montag, C., Haase, L., Seidel, D., Bayerl, M., Gallinat, J., Herrmann, U., & Dannecker, K. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0112348 · Cited by 97
Metadata
- Authors
- Harrow, M., Hansford, B. G., & Astrachan-Fletcher, E. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Georgetown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Harrow, Martin
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 168
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 186-192
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2754306
- OpenAlex
- W2048657700
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-068688, MH 26341, R37MH026341, R01MH068688)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- locus of control, schizophrenia, depression, psychosis, recovery, personality, long-term outcomes, severe mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Personality, Prognosis, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Time Factors, Disease Progression, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
