A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of bright light and high-density negative air ions for treatment of seasonal affective disorder.
Abstract
This study, conducted over the course of 5 years, assessed the antidepressant efficacy of two active treatments, bright white light and high-density negative ions, and the efficacy of two placebo treatments, dim red light and low-density negative ions, for Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). In a controlled laboratory setting, 73 women with SAD were exposed to one of the four treatment conditions over 12 consecutive days. Pretreatment expectation ratings did not significantly differ among the four treatment groups; however, expectation scores and treatment benefits were positively related. Over the course of treatment, subjects in all four groups showed significant score decreases on the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-Seasonal Affective Disorder Version-Self Rating (SIGH-SAD-SR) and on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). For raw scale scores, neither main effects of treatment nor interactions between treatment and time were significant. When remission outcome criteria were used, bright white light was significantly more effective than any of the other three treatments, and exposure to high-density negative ions was more effective than either of the two placebo conditions, although the difference was not significant.
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- Authors
- Flory, R., Ametepe, J., & Bowers, B.
- Affiliations
- Hollins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Flory, Randall
- ORCID
- Ametepe, Joseph
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-05
- Volume
- 177
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 101-108
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2060591642
- Cited by
- 45
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- seasonal affective disorder, negative air ions, antidepressant efficacy, placebo effect, dim red light, treatment expectations, depression remission, women
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Air Ionization, Analysis of Variance, Female, Humans, Light, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Phototherapy, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Time Factors, Placebo Effect, Chi-Square Distribution, Seasonal Affective Disorder, Treatment Outcome, Photoperiod, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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