Cited by 274Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesTreatment of Major DepressionMental Health Research Topics

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Development and validation of the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS) in a community sample and individuals with major depression

Rizvi, Sakina J., Quilty, Lena C., Sproule, Beth A., Cyriac, Anna, Michael Bagby, R., Kennedy, Sidney H.·2015·Psychiatry Research

DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.062

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Abstract

Anhedonia, a core symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), is predictive of antidepressant non-response. In contrast to the definition of anhedonia as a "loss of pleasure", neuropsychological studies provide evidence for multiple facets of hedonic function. The aim of the current study was to develop and validate the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS), a dynamic scale that measures desire, motivation, effort and consummatory pleasure across hedonic domains. Following item selection procedures and reliability testing using data from community participants (N=229) (Study 1), the 17-item scale was validated in an online study with community participants (N=150) (Study 2). The DARS was also validated in unipolar or bipolar depressed patients (n=52) and controls (n=50) (Study 3). Principal components analysis of the 17-item DARS revealed a 4-component structure mapping onto the domains of anhedonia: hobbies, food/drink, social activities, and sensory experience. Reliability of the DARS subscales was high across studies (Cronbach's α=0.75-0.92). The DARS also demonstrated good convergent and divergent validity. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed the DARS showed additional utility over the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) in predicting reward function and distinguishing MDD subgroups. These studies provide support for the reliability and validity of the DARS.

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Aesthetic Anhedonia and Psychotic Hyper-Meaning: Dysregulated Symbolic Closure Dynamics
Rafiei, S. K. S., & Anar, M. A. (2026) · Integrative Psychological and Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s12124-026-09994-z · Cited by 3
“…across contexts, e.g., the Snaith–Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) and the Temporal Expe - rience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS), with complementary dimensional tools such as the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS) (Snaith et al. 1995 , Gard et al. 2006 , Lo et al. 2015 , Rizvi et al. 2015 ).”
Angedonia in the structure of affective disorders: therapeutic opportunities
Kasimova, L. N., & Svyatogor, M. V. (2019) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2019119111116 · Cited by 2
Short-Term Memory Capacity Predicts Willingness to Expend Cognitive Effort for Reward
Forys, B. J., Winstanley, C. A., Kingstone, A. F., & Todd, R. M. (2024) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0068-24.2024 · Cited by 3
“…visuospatial short-term memory capacity as well as indices of depressive traits (Beck et al., 1996), chronic stress (Levenstein et al., 1993), anhedonia (Rizvi et al., 2015), and reward anticipation (Terpstra et al., 2023) as predictors of the tendency to choose lower or higher effort tasks.”
Background
Establishing content validity of the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale
Bean, S. E., Dhanda, R., Graham, C. A., Hoffman, D., Rodrı́guez-Lee, M., Ionescu, A., Karantzoulis, S., Kennedy, S. H., & Rizvi, S. J. (2025) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-025-00860-x · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Psychometric properties the of Brazilian Portuguese version of Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS)
Jesus‐Nunes, A. P., Coroa, J. P. B. B., Argôlo, F. C., Moreira, T. M., Morais-de-Jesus, M., Marback, R. F., Correia‐Melo, F. S., Lacerda, A. L. T., & Quarantini, L. C. (2021) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2019-0066 · Cited by 2
Comparative study of paper-and-pencil and electronic formats of the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale
Montoro, M., Arrua-Duarte, E., Peñalver‐Argüeso, B., Migoya-Borja, M., Baca‐García, E., & Barrigón, M. L. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320963552 · Cited by 2
“In light of this issue, new scales such as the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS) have been developed (Arrua-Duarte et al., 2019; Rizvi et al., 2015).”
Method
Depression in Parkinson’s disease is associated with dopamine unresponsive reduced reward sensitivity during effort-based decision makingPreprint
Costello, H., Yamamori, Y., Kieslich, K., Murphy, M., Bobyreva, K., Schrag, A. E., Howard, R. J., & Roiser, J. P. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.05.09.592897 · Cited by 2
“Interestingly, however, when restricting this analysis to depressed participants (with and without PD) and covarying for group, anhedonia symptom severity narrowly missed signiﬁcance (DARS: β =5.4, 95%CI(-0.41 to 11), p=0.068), suggesting speciﬁcally depressed patients with more severe anhedonia may subjectively perce…”
MethodInfluential
Validation of a novel method of ultraviolet-induced cutaneous inflammation and its associations with anhedonia
Sullivan‐Toole, H., Feng, S., Carlton, C. N., Ghane, M., Olino, T. M., Allen, I. C., & Richey, J. A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24598-4 · Cited by 1
Relationships between experimental task and questionnaire measures of reward/punishment sensitivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): protocol for a scoping review
Oguchi, M., Furukawa, E., Nagahama, N., Perera, K. D., & Tripp, G. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-078026 · Cited by 2
“42 43 Links between the constructs measured by these questionnaires and ADHD are unclear.”
Background
Spontaneous thought separates into clusters of negative, positive, and flexible thinking
Migó, M., Cooper, J. A., Kragel, P. A., & Treadway, M. T. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00201-0 · Cited by 3
The association between anhedonia and speech features in depression: A cross-sectional study
Yang, Q., Li, N., Liu, Y., Wang, S., Ma, J., Wang, J., Liu, P., He, Z., Wang, G., & Feng, L. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.03.013 · Cited by 1
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in the Treatment of Youth Depression: Integrating Literature Review Insights in a Pilot Clinical Trial
Lo, H. K. Y., Yuen, S. Y., Tsui, I. W. T., Yeung, W., Ruan, J., Wong, C. S. M., Jin, J. X. H., Lee, C. T., & Chung, K. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14093152 · Cited by 2
“The Chinese version of the Snaith–Hamilton Plea-sure Scale (C-SHAPS) [41] and the Chinese version of the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (C-DARS) [42] were included to evaluate the multidimensional nature of depression and identify suitable measures for future trials.”
Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS) Turkish Version: Examination of Psychometric Properties in Depressed and Ultra-High Risk/Psychotic Adolescents
Karakuş, O. B., Doganer, M. Z., Turhan, İ. Y., Cesur, T. D., Çakır, E. Ö., Yüksel, A. S., Çek, D., Sevin, İ. B., ESİN, İ. S., & Rizvi, S. J. (2025) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10177-z · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Clinicians’ experience on the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in patients with first-episode depression: a randomized controlled trial based on pharmacogenomics
Tong, J., Yuan, J., Yu, Q., Zhu, N., Zhang, T., Zhu, X., Xu, Y., Liu, M., Zhang, J., & Sun, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1626654 · Cited by 1
Temporal Predictions from Anhedonia To Anxiety in Adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder
Lee, Y. D., Towbin, K. E., Pine, D. S., Stringaris, A. K., & Kircanski, K. (2025) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-025-01362-6 · Cited by 1
“…positive experiences across multiple facets of hedonic function, such as anticipatory pleasure, consummatory pleasure, and motivation for reward (Rizvi et al.,(Rizvi et al. 2015), could provide a more comprehensive understanding of its role in the development and maintenance of social anxiety…”
Defining anhedonia subgroups using the dimensional anhedonia rating scale in active depression: Findings from the Texas resilience against depression study
Fatt, C. C., Minhajuddin, A., Goodman, L. C., Vasu, S., Mayes, T. L., Sethuram, S., Trombello, J. M., Hughes, J. L., Greer, T. L., Foster, J. A., et al. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.12.023 · Cited by 1
Network structure of reward sensitivity and its temporal interactions with depression: a cross‐lagged panel network analysis
Bi, X., Ma, S., Cui, H., Zhang, L., & Ma, Y. (2025) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.70094 · Cited by 1
Efficacy and safety of toludesvenlafaxine hydrochloride sustained-release tablets in depression with ineffective or partially effective initial antidepressant treatment: a single-arm, multicenter clinical study
Yang, J., Jia, Y., Chen, K., Liang, W., Long, J., Li, M., Wei, Q., Wang, J., Yan, B., Li, K., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1740789 · Cited by 1
A Qualitative Analysis of Self-Reported Pleasurable Experiences of Young Adults and Implications for Measures of Anhedonia
Mittmann, G., Dorczok, M. C., Thomas, M. F., Schwarzott, F., & Steiner‐Hofbauer, V. (2026) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-026-10268-6 · Cited by 1
“Participants completed a set of self-report measures online, including demographic questions, the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale DARS (Rizvi et al., 2015 ), and an additional open-ended question in which participants were asked to freely list up to three pleasurable experiences without being…”
Influential
Not Feeling It: Modifiable Correlates of Anhedonia
Thomas, M. F., Mittmann, G., Dorczok, M. C., & Steiner‐Hofbauer, V. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16040533 · Cited by 1
“As in prior studies (Mittmann et al., 2025; Rizvi et al., 2015), reliability was high (Cronbach’s α = 0.93).”
Influential
Anhedonia in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD): State-of-the-art consensus review
Cutler, A. J., Clayton, A. H., Krystal, A. D., Maletic, V., McIntyre, R. S., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117225 · Cited by 3
Probing motivation in internalizing symptoms: A systematic review of the effort expenditure for rewards task (EEfRT)
Uribe, S., Corner, S. E., Anderson, C., Wahl, H., & Meuret, A. E. (2026) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2026.102110 · Cited by 1
Investigating the effect of increased dopamine signaling on cerebral blood flow in Major Depressive Disorder: a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study
Gärtner, M., Meiering, M. S., Weigner, D., Hempel, M., Gruzman, R., Carstens, L., Keicher, C., Mennes, M., Beckmann, C. F., Luippold, G., et al. (2026) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-026-02471-6 · Cited by 1
“Subjects also completed the following self-report measures: Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-2 [56]), the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS [57]), the Leuven Affect and Pleasure Scale (LAPS [58]), and the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS [59]).”
Assessing anhedonia in Chinese healthy and depressed adolescents: reliability, validity, and clinical utility of the anhedonia scale for adolescent
Kuan, C., He, Y.-H., Xu, Y.-J., Chen, S.-L., Wang, L.-L., Ni, K., Zhou, H., Chi, X., & Yan, C. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08318-0 · Cited by 1
“In Study 2, ASA total and subscale scores were significantly correlated with the DARS in adolescents with MDD, indicating that the ASA effectively captures deficits in desire, motivation, effort, and consummatory pleasure across multiple life domains [18].”
Influential
Comparative study of the pencil-and-paper and digital formats of the Spanish DARS scale
Arrua-Duarte, E., Migoya-Borja, M., Barahona, I., Quilty, L. C., Rizvi, S. J., Kennedy, S. H., Baca‐García, E., & Barrigón, M. L. (2021) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2021.45 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Did We Lose Interest and Pleasure in the Concept of Major Depression?
Demyttenaere, K. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009067287.020 · Cited by 1
Schizotypy, affective temperaments and anhedonia in bipolar depression
Gorostowicz, A., Chrobak, A. A., Dudek, D., & Siwek, M. (2024) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/onlinefirst/178345 · Cited by 1
“The final score ranges between 0 and 68 points, lower scores indicate more severe an-hedonia [28].”
The New York Scale of Anhedonia: Development and Validation of a New Measure
Barahmand, U., Tewari, A., Iskander, S., Castellanos, K., Yuabov, B., & Hermann, E. J. (2024) · Archives of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.12740/app/175153 · Cited by 1
“…evidence of anhedonia as reflecting four components of reward processing (desire, motivation, effort and consummatory pleasure), Rizvi et al. [31] developed the 17-item Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS), specifically to assess anhedonia in patients diagnosed with major depressive…”
Ambulatory assessment to advance the science of nondrug reward in addiction and recovery
Stull, S. W. (2024) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2024.2376622 · Cited by 1
“Though more recent anhedonia measures, like the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS), may help overcome some prior limitations by allowing respondents to select their own favorite type of pleasurable activities (Rizvi et al. 2015).”
Depression-specific P300 deficits compared to other forms of internalizing psychopathology
Thompson, B., Santopetro, N. J., Albanese, B. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100865 · Cited by 1
Hedonic capacity in a Chinese community population sample: psychometric properties of the dimensional anhedonia rating scale (DARS) and exploration of gender differences
Wang, Q., Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Li, K., Su, Y., & Si, T. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02740-x · Cited by 1
“It was developed to measure not only consummatory pleasure but also the three other specific components of interest/ desire, anticipated rewards, and effort [10].”
Influential
Computationally Informed Insights Into Anhedonia and Treatment by Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonism
Bari, B. A., Krystal, A. D., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Gershman, S. J. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.05.011 · Cited by 1
Digital positive affect intervention (PAI) versus self-monitoring placebo in the treatment of anxiety and depression: a two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT)
Zainal, N. H., Rajendra, S. J., Doren, N. V., Salamanca-Sanabria, A., Curtiss, J. E., & Keng, S. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07372-4 · Cited by 2
“The GAD-7 [49], PHQ-9 [62], and Dimensional Anhedo-nia Rating Scale (DARS) [63] are administered at screening or baseline, mid-treatment (Week 3), post-treatment (Week 6), as well as 3-, 6, and 12-month follow-ups to monitor changes in anxiety, depressive, and anhedonia symptoms, respectively.”
АНАЛИЗ НЕЙРОФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ И НЕЙРОХИМИЧЕСКИХ МЕХАНИЗМОВ СУБСИНДРОМОВ ПОВЕДЕНЧЕСКОГО ДЕПРЕССИВНОГО СИНДРОМА
Абрамец, И. И., Кузнецов, Ю. В., Евдокимов, Д. В., & Зайка, Т. О. (2019) · Университетская клиника · doi:10.26435/uc.v0i2(31).303 · Cited by 1
Acute Ketamine Modulated Functional Brain Coupling and Dissociative and Affective States in Human Subjects: Interim AnalysesPreprint
Hack, L. M., Warthen, K., Zhang, X., Heifets, B. D., Suppes, T. M., van Roessel, P., Rodríguez, C. I., Knutson, B. D., & Williams, L. M. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.09.20.460992 · Cited by 1
“A high score is reflective of less anhedonia [29].”
Background
[Positive cognitive neuroscience : Positive valence systems of the Research Domain Criteria initiative].
Walter, H., Daniels, A., & Wellan, S. A. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.1007/s00115-021-01167-0
“die TEPS – Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale [13] oder die DARS – Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale [31]).”
Method
Anhedonia in clinical and non-clinical populations - An exploratory meta-analysis of studies using the Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale
Trøstheim, M. (2019) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Functional Impairment and Presentations of Anhedonia in Major Depressive Disorder
Chow, T. K. (2020) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
The Appalachia Mind Health Initiative (AMHI): A pragmatic clinical trial of adjunctive internet-based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for treating major depressive disorder among primary care patientsPreprint
Bossarte, R. M., Kessler, R. C., Nierenberg, A. A., Cuijpers, P. J., Enrique, Á., Foxworth, P. M., Gildea, S. M., Belnap, B. H., Haut, M. W., Law, K. B., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-452029/v1
Study protocol description: Dynamic Modelling of Resilience - Observational Study (DynaM-OBS)Preprint
Wackerhagen, C., Veer, I. M., van Leeuwen, J. M. C., Bögemann, S. A., Mor, N., Puhlmann, L. M. C., Reppmann, Z. C., Riepenhausen, A., Uściƚko, A., Zerban, M., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y54b6

Authors: Rizvi, S. J., Quilty, L. C., Sproule, B. A., Cyriac, A., Michael Bagby, R., & Kennedy, S. H.
Affiliations: University Health Network (CA)
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
Corresponding author: Rizvi, Sakina J.
ORCID: Quilty, Lena C.
Sproule, Beth A.
Kennedy, Sidney H.
Venue: Psychiatry Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-09
Volume: 229
Issue: 1-2
Pages: 109-119
ISSN: 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.062
OpenAlex: W1943465630
Cited by: 274
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 49 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4
FWCI: 9.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ontario Problem Gambling Research Centre
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: anhedonia, major depressive disorder, desire, motivation, effort, consummatory pleasure, reward function, scale development, scale validation, bipolar depression, Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale, antidepressant non-response
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Residence Characteristics, Reward, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Pleasure, Self Report, Anhedonia

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Development and validation of the Dimensional Anhedonia Rating Scale (DARS) in a community sample and individuals with major depression

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