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From menarche to menopause: Exploring the underlying biology of depression in women experiencing hormonal changes
Abstract
Epidemiologic data consistently report an elevated prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) in women. This increase begins during adolescence and continues through the menopausal transition. Population-based clinical studies report an increase in the incidence of MDD during perimenopause compared to either the premenopausal or postmenopausal period. Evidence suggests that fluctuations and decline of hormonal levels are correlated with this observed increase in risk for MDD. A strong predictor of depression in the perimenopausal period is a previous history of MDD. However, recent studies revealed an increased risk of new onset depression in perimenopausal women without a history of MDD. Additionally, recent reports have indicated that the presence of vasomotor symptoms may be associated with an increased the risk for MDD. The objective of this paper is to review evidence that would support our hypothesis that neurotransmitter systems are affected by changes in hormonal status over the course of a woman's life, leading to increase vulnerability to perimenopausal depression. Relevant data from nonclinical experiments will be discussed in the context of observed clinical evidence of the risk for MDD before, during, and after the menopausal transition. A testable hypothesis will be proposed to advance our understanding of hormonal effects on mood.
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“Compared to the general population, women with ADHD are at increased risk of depression and depressive symptoms during periods of ovarian hormone fluctuations [20,41,89,90].”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [89]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Deecher, D., Andree, T. H., Sloan, D., & Schechter, L. E.
- Affiliations
- Wyeth (US)
- Corresponding author
- Deecher, Darlene
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-01
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-17
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2006693696
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 142
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 1.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Keywords
- perimenopausal depression, major depressive disorder, menopause, hormonal changes, sex differences in depression, neurotransmitter systems, vasomotor symptoms, menarche, postmenopausal depression, risk factors for depression, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Menarche, Menopause, Menstrual Cycle, Middle Aged, Receptors, Adrenergic, Receptors, Serotonin, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Women's Health
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