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Timing matters: long term effects of adversities from prenatal period up to adolescence on adolescents' cortisol stress response. The TRAILS study
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OBJECTIVE: Altered cortisol response is a vulnerability marker for a variety of stress-related diseases and psychiatric disorders. Childhood adversity has been shown to modify this response, but evidence is inconsistent. Effects may differ depending on the timing of exposure, or due to the interplay between pre/postnatal adversity and later adversities. The present study examined the influence of adversity during different timeframes (pre/postnatal, ages 0-5, 6-11, 12-13, 14-15 years), and the interaction between pre/postnatal and later adversity on adolescents' cortisol stress response. METHOD: Four salivary cortisol samples were collected before and after a social stress test in 471 16-year-old adolescents from the longitudinal study TRAILS. Data on pre/postnatal exposure to adversities were obtained from Preventive Child Healthcare records and parental reports, subsequent adversities from parental and self-reports. RESULTS: Pre/postnatal adversity was associated with increased cortisol reactivity. Adversities during ages 0-5 were not associated with cortisol outcomes. Adversities during ages 6-11 were associated with a high cortisol level, especially in those exposed to pre/postnatal adversity, while adversities during ages 12-13 and 14-15 were associated with a low cortisol level. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight the importance to take the timing of stress exposure into account. In addition to programming effects, pre/postnatal adversity interacts with childhood adversity in producing deviant cortisol levels. Puberty may be marked by a transition in how adversities affect the HPA-axis, with cortisol hypersecretion before age 11 and hyposecretion after age 11.
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“Bosch et al. (125) confirmed this hypothesis showing a relation between ELS/CT in the first year of life, but not late childhood or adolescence, and higher cortisol reactivity in adult life.”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [125]
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“They could also show higher adult cortisol levels after ELS/CT experience during childhood, but lower cortisol output after experience of ELS/CT in adolescence.”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [125]
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“Alterations to the HPA axis functioning have also been observed in humans exposed to childhood adversity, although variation in the timing, duration and type of adversity have led to differences in strength and direction of response (Nemeroff 2004; Bosch et al. 2012; McCrory et al. 2012).”
From Childhood adversity, adult stress, and the risk of major depression or generalized anxiety disorder in US soldiers: a test of the stress sensitization hypothesis (2017) · cites this paper as Bosch et al. 2012
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bosch, N. M., Riese, H., Reijneveld, S. A., Bakker, M. P., Verhulst, F. C., Ormel, J., & Oldehinkel, A. J.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bosch, Nienke M.
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1439-1447
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2047498990
- Semantic Scholar
- dafb72d7beeb4f50c7c268f4827ba1fdd7880cdc
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- cortisol stress response, childhood adversity, prenatal adversity, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, adolescents, puberty, cortisol response, salivary cortisol, TRAILS study, developmental programming
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects, Saliva, Stress, Psychological
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