Prenatal exposure to maternal depression, neonatal methylation of human glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) and infant cortisol stress responses
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: In animal models, variations in early maternal care are associated with differences in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal(HPA) stress response in the offspring, mediated via changes in the epigenetic regulation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene (Nr3c1) expression. OBJECTIVE: To study this in humans, relationships between prenatal exposure to maternal mood and the methylation status of a CpG-rich region in the promoter and exon 1F of the human GR gene (NR3C1) in newborns and HPA stress reactivity at age three months were examined. RESULTS: Prenatal exposure to increased third trimester maternal depressed/anxious mood was associated with increased methylation of NR3C1 at a predicted NGFI-A binding site. Increased NR3C1 methylation at this site was also associated with increased salivary cortisol stress responses at 3 months, controlling for prenatal SRI exposure, postnatal age and pre and postnatal maternal mood. METHODS: The methylation status of a CpG-rich region of the NR3C1 gene, including exon 1F, in genomic DNA from cord blood mononuclear cells was quantified by bisulfite pyrosequencing in infants of depressed mothers treated with a serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant (SRI) (n = 33), infants of depressed nontreated mothers (n = 13) and infants of non depressed/non treated mothers (n = 36). To study the functional implications of the newborn methylation status of NR3C1 in newborns, HPA function was assessed at three months using salivary cortisol obtained before and following a non noxious stressor and at a late afternoon basal time. CONCLUSIONS: Methylation status of the human NR3C1 gene in newborns is sensitive to prenatal maternal mood and may offer a potential epigenetic process that links antenatal maternal mood and altered HPA stress reactivity during infancy.
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Maternal depression even during late pregnancy is associated with specific epigenetic effects (gene hypermethylation) and elevated cortisol stress reactivity in the offspring.
“With respect to the promoter and exon 1F of the human GR gene Nr3c1, Oberlander et al. (406) showed specific epigenetic effects (gene hypermethylation) and elevated cortisol stress reactivity in the offspring due to maternal depression even during late pregnancy.”
From Developmental Trajectories of Early Life Stress and Trauma: A Narrative Review on Neurobiological Aspects Beyond Stress System Dysregulation (2019) · cites this paper as [406]
The Discussion reports that greater third-trimester maternal depressed mood was associated with increased neonatal NR3C1 methylation at CpG3, and that methylation at this site was associated with greater infant cortisol stress reactivity at three months. It describes a potential epigenetic link, however, rather than establishing that maternal depression caused both effects as the citing sentence’s “due to” implies. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOnly heightened methylation of a CpG island colocalizing with the NGFI-A binding site in newborns predicted infant HPA reactivity in the form of elevated cortisol release during a stress challenge at three months of age.
“only the heightened methylation of a CpG island colocalizing with the NGFI-A binding site in newborns predicted infant HPA reactivity in form of an elevated cortisol release during a stress challenge at three months of age”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Oberlander et al., 2008
Increased methylation was found in newborns exposed to prenatal stress and in the cord blood of mothers with third trimester depression/anxiety.
“For example, increased methylation was found in newborns exposed to prenatal stress [57] and the cord blood of mothers with third trimester depression/anxiety [58].”
Maternal mood and offspring HPA axis reactivity may be linked through epigenetic processes and sensitive to fetal developmental stage.
“indicating that maternal mood and offspring HPA axis reactivity may be linked through epigenetic processes and sensitive to fetal developmental stage”
From Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [141]
Methylation levels in newborns were associated with salivary cortisol stress responses at 3 months.
“methylation levels were associated with salivary cortisol stress responses in the newborns at 3 months”
From Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [141]
Third trimester maternal depression/anxiety is associated with higher methylation of NR3C1 at a predicted NGF1-A binding site in newborn cord blood.
“third trimester maternal depression/anxiety associated with higher methylation of NR3C1 at a predicted NGF1-A binding site 141”
From Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms (2018) · cites this paper as [141]
Similar associations between early adversity and GR NR3C1 methylation have been demonstrated in humans, including in brain tissue of deceased adults who committed suicide following child abuse, cord blood of infants with depressed mothers, white blood cells of adults with borderline personality disorder or major depressive disorder with child sexual abuse, whole blood of adults with bipolar and a,
“Similar associations between early adversity and GR NR3C1 methylation have recently been demonstrated in humans who likely experienced severe stress or trauma. These samples have included brain tissue of deceased human adults who had committed suicide following a history of child abuse (McGowan et al., 2009), cord blood of infants with depressed mothers (Oberlander et al., 2008), white blood cells”
From Associations Between Early Life Stress and Gene Methylation in Children (2015) · cites this paper as Oberlander et al., 2008
Adversity-related increases in methylation in this region are associated with decreased gene expression in human postmortem brain tissue and increased physiological stress responding in infants.
“adversity-related increases in methylation in this region are associated with decreased gene expression in human postmortem brain tissue (McGowan et al., 2009) and increased physiological stress responding in infants (Oberlander et al., 2008).”
From Associations Between Early Life Stress and Gene Methylation in Children (2015) · cites this paper as Oberlander et al., 2008
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- Authors
- Oberlander, T. F., Weinberg, J., Papsdorf, M., Grunau, R., Misri, S., & Devlin, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Child and Family Research Institute (CA)
- Venue
- Epigenetics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-03-24
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 97-106
- ISSN
- 1559-2294 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-2308
- OpenAlex
- W2106670153
- Semantic Scholar
- ec7f4fffee56f7acb1607720d117b531525b0713
- Cited by
- 1,432
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 65 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 95 · 2016: 117 · 2015: 123 · 2014: 124 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 122
- FWCI
- 58.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Epigenetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- March of Dimes Foundation (12-FY01-30)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (54490, 57837, MOP54490)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA007789)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Keywords
- maternal depression, prenatal exposure, glucocorticoid receptor gene, NR3C1, DNA methylation, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol stress response, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, umbilical cord blood, epigenetic regulation, maternal mood, infant development
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Base Sequence, Depression, Exons, Female, Fetal Blood, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Infant, Leukocytes, Mononuclear, Molecular Sequence Data, Mothers, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation, CpG Islands, DNA Methylation
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