Comparing vaccination coverage of American Indian children with White children in North Dakota
Abstract
Objectives The objective of this study was to compare immunization rates of American Indian (AI) and White children in North Dakota and identify disparities in immunization rates by race.Study design The study design was to assess immunization coverage rates by race using immunization information system (IIS) data.Methods Data from the North Dakota Immunization Information System (NDIIS) for children aged 19-35 months during quarter four of 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018 were used to assess and compare immunization coverage rates for AI and White children. NDIIS data were also analyzed for timeliness of vaccine administration, Vaccines for Children (VFC) status, and the number of doses still needed to be considered up to date (UTD) with routinely recommended immunizations.Results In quarter four of 2018 (Q4 2018), only 60% of AI children were UTD with the complete 4:3:1:3:3:1:4 vaccine series compared with 74.5% of White children of the same age. Fewer VFC-eligible AI children (59.1%) are UTD than VFC-eligible White children (68.7%). AI children were also more likely to be delayed at each immunization milestone, leading to fewer AI children to be UTD by 19 to 35 months of age.Conclusions This study shows that there is a racial disparity in immunization coverage rates between AI and White children in North Dakota. Public health and private healthcare providers should work to identify and address barriers to vaccination and should implement strategies to increase immunization rates for AI children.
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Race and ethnicity contribute to disparities in vaccine compliance in children and adolescents.
“Previous studies demonstrate that race and ethnicity contribute to disparities in vaccine compliance in children and adolescents.41–44”
From SARS-CoV-2 vaccine testing and trials in the pediatric population: biologic, ethical, research, and implementation challenges (2021) · cites this paper as [43]
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- Authors
- Woinarowicz, M., & Howell, M.
- Affiliations
- North Dakota Department of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Woinarowicz, Mary
- Venue
- Public Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-09
- Volume
- 186
- Pages
- 78-82
- ISSN
- 0033-3506 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3048699185
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 0.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Health Resources and Services Administration
- Honeywell Hometown Solutions
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (5H23IP000784)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Social Sciences › Health › Indigenous Health, Education, and Rights
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Child and Adolescent Health
- Keywords
- childhood vaccination coverage, Native American children, racial disparities, vaccination timeliness, Vaccines for Children program, North Dakota
- MeSH terms
- Vaccination Coverage, Child, Preschool, Humans, Immunization, Indians, North American, Infant, North Dakota, Vaccination, Immunization Programs, White People, Healthcare Disparities
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