Cited by 355Respiratory and Cough-Related ResearchNeuroscience of respiration and sleepPain Mechanisms and Treatments

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The multiple dimensions of dyspnea: Review and hypotheses

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Lansing, Robert W., Gracely, Richard H., Banzett, Robert B.·2009·Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

DOI 10.1016/j.resp.2008.07.012PMC PMC2763422

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Abstract

Although dyspnea is a common and troubling symptom, our understanding of the neurophysiology of dyspnea is woefully incomplete. Most measurements of dyspnea treat it as a single entity. Although the multidimensional dyspnea concept has been mentioned for many decades, only recently has the concept been the subject of experimental tests. Emerging evidence has begun to favor the hypothesis that dyspnea comprises multiple dimensions or components that can be measured as different entities. Most recently, studies have begun to show that there is a separable 'affective dimension' (i.e. unpleasantness and emotional impact). Understanding of the multidimensional measurement of pain is far in advance of dyspnea, and has enabled progress in the neurophysiology of pain, including identification of separate neural structures subserving various elements of pain perception. We propose here a multidimensional model of dyspnea based on a state-of-the-art pain model, and review existing evidence in the light of this model.

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Authors: Lansing, R. W., Gracely, R. H., & Banzett, R. B.
Affiliations: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
Michigan Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: Banzett, Robert B.
ORCID: Banzett, Robert B.
Venue: Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2009-05
Volume: 167
Issue: 1
Pages: 53-60
ISSN: 1569-9048 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.07.012
PMC: PMC2763422
OpenAlex: W2015408803
Cited by: 355
References: 114
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 2.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL046690, HL-46690)
National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR010006, NR10006)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Respiratory and Cough-Related Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: dyspnea, unpleasantness, emotional impact, pain models, respiratory sensation
MeSH terms: Animals, Dyspnea, Humans, Models, Biological, Pain

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The multiple dimensions of dyspnea: Review and hypotheses

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