Identifying clinical error patterns in nursing students’ CPR performance: a mixed-methods OSCE study.
Open accessAbstract
Background: Basic Life Support (BLS) competency is critical for healthcare professionals, yet persistent performance gaps exist in training settings. This study aimed to identify error patterns in nursing students' cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance during Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs) and, through stakeholder insights, identify perceived challenges and suggest remediation strategies to improve learning outcomes. Methods: A sequential explanatory mixed-methods study was conducted (2021-2024) with 250 eighth-semester nursing students. The quantitative phase analyzed OSCE performance using: 1) a validated 20-item BLS knowledge test, 2) a 17-item skills checklist, and 3) Laerdal QCPR® mannequin metrics. The qualitative phase included interviews with 25 stakeholders (students, instructors, examiners). Data were analyzed using descriptive/inferential statistics (SPSS v25) and thematic analysis (MAXQDA 2022). Results: < 0.05). Conclusion: not applicable.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Even after formal training, nursing students have recurrent BLS deficiencies, including insufficient compression depth, inefficient ventilation, and suboptimal use of the automated external defibrillator.
“Even after formal training, recurrent deficiencies persist, including insufficient compression depth, inefficient ventilation, and suboptimal use of the automated external defibrillator (3, 4)”
From Application effect of Miller’s pyramid teaching method based on HeartCode BLS in basic life support training for nursing students (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 43
- [1]Meaney P.A. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality: improving cardiac resuscitation outcomes both inside and outside the hospital: a consensus statement from the American Heart Association (vol 128, pg 417, 2013) Circulation 128 2013 E408-E 10.1161/CIR.0b013e31829d8654 23801105 · DOI
- [2]Yeates P. Cope N. Hawarden A. Bradshaw H. McCray G. Homer M. Developing a video-based method to compare and adjust examiner effects in fully nested OSCEs Med Educ 53 2019 250 263 10.1111/medu.13783 30575092 PMC6519246 · DOI
- [3]Geri G. Fahrenbruch C. Meischke H. Effects of bystander CPR following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest on hospital costs and long-term survival Resuscitation 115 2017 129 134 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.04.016 28427882 · DOI
- [4]Hunt E.A. Vera K. Diener-West M. Delays and errors in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and defibrillation by pediatric residents during simulated cardiopulmonary arrests Resuscitation 80 2009 819 825 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.03.020 19423210 · DOI
- [5]Kralj E. Podbregar M. Kejžar N. Balažic J. Frequency and number of resuscitation related rib and sternum fractures are higher than generally considered Resuscitation 93 2015 136 141 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.02.034 25771500 · DOI
- [6]Lin S.-J. Chang C.-J. Chu S.-C. Investigating BLS instructors’ ability to evaluate CPR performance: focus on compression depth, rate, and recoil BMC Emerg Med 25 2025 19 10.1186/s12873-024-01162-z 39881256 PMC11781052 · DOI
- [7]Crowley C.P. Salciccioli J.D. Kim E.Y. The association between ACLS guideline deviations and outcomes from in-hospital cardiac arrest Resuscitation 153 2020 65 70 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.05.042 32502576 PMC7750980 · DOI
- [8]Castillo J. Gomar C. Higueras E. Gallart A. Checklist-based scores overestimate competence in CPR compared with recording strips of manikins in BLS courses Resuscitation 114 2017 e17 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2017.02.024 28286119 · DOI
- [9]Deakin C.D. Evans S. King P. Evaluation of telephone-cardiopulmonary resuscitation advice for paediatric cardiac arrest Resuscitation 81 2010 853 856 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.02.007 20409630 · DOI
- [10]Lagedal R. Elfwen L. Jonsson M. Coronary angiographic findings after cardiac arrest in relation to ECG and comorbidity Resuscitation 146 2020 213 219 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.09.021 31560991 · DOI
- [11]Park J.S. Lee S.W. Kim H. Efficacy of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging performed before therapeutic hypothermia in predicting clinical outcome in comatose cardiopulmonary arrest survivors Resuscitation 88 2015 132 137 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2014.11.031 25541428 · DOI
- [12]Cheng A. Kessler D. Mackinnon R. Reporting guidelines for health care simulation research: extensions to the CONSORT and STROBE statements Adv Simul 1 2016 25 10.1186/s41077-016-0025-y PMC5806464 29449994 · DOI
- [13]Miri K. Yaghoubi A. Kholousi S. Comparative study on the impact of 'Infographic versus video feedback' on enhancing students' clinical skills in basic life support BMC Med Educ 24 2024 779 10.1186/s12909-024-05763-x 39030534 PMC11264920 · DOI
- [14]Muldoon K. Biesty L. Smith V. 'I found the OSCE very stressful': student midwives' attitudes towards an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) Nurse Educ Today 34 2014 468 473 10.1016/j.nedt.2013.04.022 23683814 · DOI
- [15]Caballero C. Creed F. Gochmanski C. Lovegrove J. Nursing OSCEs: a complete guide to exam success 2012 Oxford University Press
- [16]Sánchez-Conde P. Clemente-Suárez V.J. Autonomic stress response of nurse students in an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) Sustainability 13 2021 5803 10.3390/su13115803l · DOI
- [17]Qi M. Gao H. Acute psychological stress promotes general alertness and attentional control processes: an ERP study Psychophysiology 57 2020 e13521 10.1111/psyp.13521 31898811 · DOI
- [18]Li J. Liao Y. Wang W. Han X. Cheng Z. Sun G. Is stress always bad? The role of job stress in producing innovative ideas Knowledge Management Research & Practice 23 2025 77 88 10.1080/14778238.2023.2219402 · DOI
- [19]Allan J.L. Farquharson B. Johnston D.W. Jones M.C. Choudhary C.J. Johnston M. Stress in telephone helpline nurses is associated with failures of concentration, attention and memory, and with more conservative referral decisions Br J Psychol 105 2014 200 213 10.1111/bjop.12030r 24754808 · DOI
- [20]Rhéaume A. Mullen J. The impact of long work hours and shift work on cognitive errors in nurses J Nurs Manag 26 2018 26 32 10.1111/jonm.12513 28857317 · DOI
- [21]Vasli P. Shahsavari A. Estebsari F. AsadiParvar-Masouleh H. The predictors of nursing students' clinical competency in pre-internship objective structured clinical examination: the roles of exam anxiety and academic success Nurse Educ Today 107 2021 105148 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105148 34600185 · DOI
- [22]Zhao Y. Zhou Q. Li J. Influence of psychological stress and coping styles in the professional identity of undergraduate nursing students after the outbreak of COVID-19: a cross-sectional study in China Nurs Open 8 2021 3527 3537 10.1002/nop2.902 33960736 PMC8242557 · DOI
- [23]Rana M. Iqbal J. Chaudhary A. Evaluating the impact of practical experience on CPR proficiency: a comparative analysis Biol Clin Sci Res J 2024 2024 655 10.54112/bcsrj.v2024i1.655 · DOI
- [24]Serpell B.G. Waddington G. McGrath B. Cook C.J. Is there a link between stress and cognition, and capacity to execute motor skill? Med Sci Sports Exerc 52 2020 2365 2372 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002397 33064410 · DOI
- [25]Abella B.S. Alvarado J.P. Myklebust H. Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest JAMA 293 2005 305 310 10.1001/jama.293.3.305 15657323 · DOI
- [26]Abella B.S. Sandbo N. Vassilatos P. Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest Circulation 111 2005 428 434 10.1161/01.CIR.0000153811.84257.59 15687130 · DOI
- [27]Andersen L.W. Berg K.M. Saindon B.Z. Time to epinephrine and survival after pediatric in-hospital cardiac arrest JAMA 314 2015 802 810 10.1001/jama.2015.9678 26305650 PMC6191294 · DOI
- [29]Mojarrab S. Bazrafkan L. Jaberi A. The effect of a stress and anxiety coping program on objective structured clinical examination performance among nursing students in shiraz Iran BMC Med Educ 20 2020 301 10.1186/s12909-020-02228-9 32928184 PMC7491091 · DOI
- [30]Ferreira E.M.R. Pinto R.Z. Arantes P.M.M. Stress, anxiety, self-efficacy, and the meanings that physical therapy students attribute to their experience with an objective structured clinical examination BMC Med Educ 20 2020 296 10.1186/s12909-020-02202-5 32912221 PMC7488334 · DOI
- [31]Ngim C.F. Fullerton P.D. Ratnasingam V. Feedback after OSCE: a comparison of face to face versus an enhanced written feedback BMC Med Educ 21 2021 180 10.1186/s12909-021-02585-z 33761946 PMC7992790 · DOI
- [32]Wang C.C. Wang Y.L. Hsu Y.H. Digitizing scoring systems with extended online feedback: a novel approach to interactive teaching and learning in formative OSCE Front Med (Lausanne) 8 2021 762810 10.3389/fmed.2021.762810 PMC8821649 35145973 · DOI
- [33]Harrison C.J. Molyneux A.J. Blackwell S. Wass V.J. How we give personalised audio feedback after summative OSCEs Med Teach 37 2015 323 326 10.3109/0142159X.2014.932901 24989869 · DOI
- [34]Wardman M.J. Yorke V.C. Hallam J.L. Evaluation of a multi-methods approach to the collection and dissemination of feedback on OSCE performance in dental education Eur J Dent Educ 22 2018 e203 e211 10.1111/eje.12273 28524327 · DOI
- [35]Chen S.H. Chen S.C. Lai Y.P. Chen P.H. Yeh K.Y. The objective structured clinical examination as an assessment strategy for clinical competence in novice nursing practitioners in Taiwan BMC Nurs 20 2021 91 10.1186/s12912-021-00608-0 34098937 PMC8186223 · DOI
- [36]European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2025: Adult Basic Life Support https://cprguidelines.eu/assets/other-documents/ERC-BLS-Guideline-2025-V3.0-public-comments.pdf 2025. 41117574
- [37]Li X. Yin X. Huang G. Wang X. Effectiveness of extended reality technologies in cardiopulmonary resuscitation training: a bayesian network meta-analysis BMC Emerg Med 25 2025 94 10.1186/s12873-025-01256-2 40483416 PMC12145595 · DOI
- [38]Zhang N. Wang J. Li Y. Liu J. Zhu H. How does rescuer’s position setting impact quality of chest compression: a randomized crossover simulation study on unexperienced clinicians Emergency Medicine International 2024 2024 9950885 10.1155/2024/9950885 PMC11325014 39148894 · DOI
- [39]Amacher S.A. Schumacher C. Legeret C. Influence of gender on the performance of cardiopulmonary rescue teams: a randomized, prospective simulator study Crit Care Med 45 2017 1184 1191 10.1097/CCM.0000000000002375 28622215 · DOI
- [40]Ahmad N. Mokhtar H.H.M. Idris W.U.K.W. Exploring final year nursing students’ perception on soft skills integration in objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN) 16 2025 125 135 10.31674/mjn.2025.v16i03.013 · DOI
- [41]Sullivan A.E.S. Ades A. Sawyer T. Acquiring and maintaining technical skills using simulation: initial, maintenance, booster, and refresher training Cureus 11 9 2019 e5729 10.7759/cureus.5729 PMID: 31723493; PMCID: PMC6825451 31723493 PMC6825451 · DOI
- [42]Augusto J.B. Santos M.B. Faria D. Real-time visual feedback device improves quality of chest compressions: a manikin study Bulletin of Emergency & Trauma 8 2020 135 10.30476/BEAT.2020.83080 32944572 PMC7468227 · DOI
- [43]Gulla K.M. Sahoo T. Sankar J. Developing and testing fidelity of manikins for training in cardio-pulmonary resuscitation: need of the hour! The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 85 2018 168 169 10.1007/s12098-017-2573-0 29270796 · DOI
- [44]Rogers G.C.D. Kim H. Stress inoculation training for OSCE performance: a randomized trial Med Educ 58 6 2024 700 710 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.02.034 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Xu, W., Cheng, F., Li, Z., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1863479
- Authors
- Miri, K., Sardashti, A., Moradi, S., Naseri, A., & Mirzaei, A.
- Affiliations
- Torbat Heydarieh University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Miri, Kheizaran
- Venue
- Resuscitation Plus
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-11
- Volume
- 26
- Pages
- 101089
- ISSN
- 2666-5204 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC12466282
- OpenAlex
- W4414007995
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4
- FWCI
- 4.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Resuscitation Plus (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Torbat Heydarieh University of Medical Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Simulation-Based Education in Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Keywords
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation, basic life support, nursing students, OSCE, CPR skills assessment, remediation strategies, resuscitation training, student perceptions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review