A survey of key opinion leaders on ethical resuscitation practices in 31 European Countries
Open accessAbstract
Background Europe is a patchwork of 47 countries with legal, cultural, religious, and economic differences. A prior study suggested variation in ethical resuscitation/end-of-life practices across Europe. This study aimed to determine whether this variation has evolved, and whether the application of ethical practices is associated with emergency care organisation. Methods A questionnaire covering four domains of resuscitation ethics was developed based on consensus: (A) Approaches to end-of-life care and family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; (B) Determinants of access to best resuscitation and post-resuscitation care; (C) Diagnosis of death and organ donation (D) Emergency care organisation. The questionnaire was sent to representatives of 32 countries. Responses to 4-choice or 2-choice questions pertained to local legislation and common practice. Positive responses were graded by 1 and negative responses by 0; grades were reconfirmed/corrected by respondents from 31/32 countries (97%). For each resuscitation/end-of-life practice a subcomponent score was calculated by grades' summation. Subcomponent scores' summation resulted in domain total scores. Results Data from 31 countries were analysed. Domains A, B, and D total scores exhibited substantial variation (respective total score ranges, 1-41, 0-19 and 9-32), suggesting variable interpretation and application of bioethical principles, and particularly of autonomy. Linear regression revealed a significant association between domain A and D total scores (adjusted r(2)=0.42, P<0.001). Conclusions According to key experts, ethical practices and emergency care still vary across Europe. There is need for harmonised legislation, and improved, education-based interpretation/application of bioethical principles. Better application of ethical practices may be associated with improved emergency care organisation.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Generalisability outside of Karolinska University Hospital is limited, as the use of DNACPR decisions is influenced by cultural, religious, and legal factors, as well as regional and institutional policies.
“Generalisability outside of Karolinska University Hospital is limited, as the use of DNACPR decisions is influenced by cultural, religious, and legal factors, as well as regional, and institutional policies.23., 24., 38., 39.”
From Do-Not-Attempt-Cardiopulmonary-Resuscitation (DNACPR) decisions in patients admitted through the emergency department in a Swedish University Hospital – An observational study of outcome, patient characteristics and changes in DNACPR decisions (2022) · cites this paper as [38]
The Discussion says interpretations of autonomy may vary with religion and culture and describes differing legal approaches to resuscitation decisions. Domain A (Table 3) reports variation across countries in the legal recognition and use of DNAR orders. The paper does not establish that regional or institutional policies influence DNACPR decisions; the limitation on generalisability from Karolinska is the citing authors’ inference. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAnother ethically acceptable and legally supported consent model comprises exception to informed consent (EIC) with prior community consultation (and a possibility of prospective opt out for community members).
“Another ethically acceptable and legally supported consent model comprises exception to informed consent (EIC) with prior community consultation (and a possibility of prospective opt out for community members). 328 335”
From European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Ethics of resuscitation and end of life decisions (2021) · cites this paper as [328]
The Discussion (page unavailable) mentions an EU regulation addressing ethical principles in emergency research involving incapacitated patients, but does not describe exception to informed consent as a consent model. Searches for community consultation and prospective opt-out found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Principles of Biomedical Ethics
(2012) · Thieves of Virtue · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9079.003.0009 · Cited by 13,453 · see citing works
Gale, N. K., Heath, G., Cameron, E., Rashid, S., & Redwood, S. (2013) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-13-117 · Cited by 10,865 · see citing works
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015
Perkins, G. D., Handley, A. J., Koster, R. W., Castrén, M. K., Smyth, M. A., Olasveengen, T. M., Monsieurs, K. G., Raffay, V. I., Gräsner, J., Wenzel, V., et al. (2015) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.015 · Cited by 1,287 · see citing works
Self-citationAutonomy and Trust in Bioethics
O’Neill, O. (2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606250 · Cited by 1,202 · see citing works
Autonomy and trust in bioethics
O’Neill, O. (2003) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-4540 · Cited by 905 · see citing works
Sandelowski, M., Voils, C. I., & Knafl, G. J. (2009) · Journal of Mixed Methods Research · doi:10.1177/1558689809334210 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2015
Bossaert, L. L., Perkins, G. D., Askitopoulou, H., Raffay, V. I., Greif, R., Haywood, K. L., Mentzelopoulos, S. D., Nolan, J. P., Van de Voorde, P., Xanthos, T. T., et al. (2015) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.07.033 · Cited by 625 · see citing works
Self-citationDaya, M. R., Schmicker, R. H., Zive, D. M., Rea, T. D., Nichol, G., Buick, J. E., Brooks, S. C., Christenson, J. M., MacPhee, R. S., Craig, A. M., et al. (2015) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.02.003 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Lippert, F. K., Raffay, V. I., Georgiou, M., Steen, P. A., & Bossaert, L. L. (2010) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2010.08.013 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Self-citationHow expert are the experts? An exploration of the concept of ‘expert’ within Delphi panel techniques
Baker, J. A., Lovell, K., & Harris, N. (2006) · Nurse Researcher · doi:10.7748/nr2006.10.14.1.59.c6010 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Sprung, C. L., Maia, P., Bülow, H., Ricou, B., Armaganidis, A., Baras, M., Wennberg, E., Reinhart, K., Cohen, S. L., Fries, D. R., et al. (2007) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0693-0 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
MacLean, S. L., Guzzetta, C. E., White, C., Fontaine, D. K., Eichhorn, D. J., Meyers, T. A., & Désy, P. M. (2003) · American Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.4037/ajcc2003.12.3.246 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
The Ethics of Everyday Practice
Austin, W. (2007) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/00012272-200701000-00009 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Fulbrook, P., Latour, J. M., & Albarran, J. W. (2006) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2006.05.006 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The varying ethical attitudes towards resuscitation in Europe
Baskett, P. J. F., & Lim, A. (2004) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.05.010 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation standards for clinical practice and training in the UK
Gabbott, D. A., Smith, G. A., Mitchell, S., Colquhoun, M. C., Nolan, J. P., Soar, J., Pitcher, D., Perkins, G. D., Phillips, B., King, B., et al. (2004) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2004.11.001 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationIt's all in a name. When is a 'Delphi study' not a Delphi study?
Crisp, J., Pelletier, D., Duffield, C. M., Nagy, S. A., & Adams, A. M. N. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Opiyo, N., & English, M. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd007071.pub3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Vavarouta, A., Xanthos, T. T., Papadimitriou, L., Kouskouni, E. E., & Iacovidou, N. M. (2011) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2011.02.011 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationBioethics at Century?s Turn: Can Normative Ethics Be Retrieved?
Pellegrino, E. D. (2000) · The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.1076/jmep.25.6.655.6133 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Moons, P., & Norekvål, T. M. (2008) · Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1751-7117.2008.00004.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
DNACPR decisions: challenging and changing practice in the wake of the Tracey judgment
Fritz, Z., Cork, N., Dodd, A., & Malyon, A. (2014) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.14-6-571 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Unanimity on Death with Dignity — Legalizing Physician-Assisted Dying in Canada
Attaran, A. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1502442 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Swain, G. R., Burns, K. A., & Etkind, P. H. (2008) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/01.phh.0000324563.87780.67 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Evolution of European Union legislation on emergency research
Mentzelopoulos, S. D., Mantzanas, M., van Belle, G., & Nichol, G. (2015) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2015.03.006 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiopulmonary resuscitation in older people – a review
Lannon, R., & O’Keeffe, S. T. (2010) · Reviews in Clinical Gerontology · doi:10.1017/s0959259809990438 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Clinical Ethics and the Road Less Taken: Mapping the Future by Tracking the Past
Rubin, S. B., & Zoloth, L. (2004) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2004.tb00468.x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Acronyms of Dying versus Patient Autonomy
Salkić, A., & Zwick, A. (2012) · European Journal of Health Law · doi:10.1163/157180912x639143 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Regulation (EU) No 536/2014 of the European parliament and of the coun- cil of 16 April 2014 on clinical trials on medicinal products for human use, and repealing Directive 2001/20/EC. Official Journal of the European Union 2014; L158/1-L158/76, http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/eudralex/vol-1/ reg 2014 536/reg 2014 536 en.pdf.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Europe - Results of the EuReCa TWO study
Gräsner, J., Wnent, J., Herlitz, J. D., Perkins, G. D., Lefering, R. L., Tjelmeland, I. B. M., Koster, R. W., Masterson, S., Ortiz, F. R., Mäurer, H., et al. (2020) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2019.12.042 · Cited by 944 · see citing works
Self-citationEuropean Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: Ethics of resuscitation and end of life decisions
Mentzelopoulos, S. D., Couper, K., Voorde, P. V. D., Druwé, P., Blom, M., Perkins, G. D., Lulic, I., Djakow, J., Raffay, V., Lilja, G., et al. (2021) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.02.017 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
“avoiding patient exposure to unproven treatments) has been recognised as one of the greatest challenges of emergency research conduct.(63,195,317,319)”
BackgroundSelf-citationResuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision
Fritz, Z., Slowther, A.-M., & Perkins, G. D. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j813 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationEthical challenges in resuscitation
Mentzelopoulos, S. D., Slowther, A.-M., Fritz, Z., Sandroni, C., Xanthos, T., Callaway, C., Perkins, G. D., Newgard, C., Ischaki, E., Greif, R., et al. (2018) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5202-0 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationSulzgruber, P., Sterz, F. R., Poppe, M., Schober, A., Lobmeyr, E., Datler, P., Keferböck, M., Zeiner, S., Nürnberger, A., Hubner, P., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal Acute Cardiovascular Care · doi:10.1177/2048872616672076 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
CPR decision-making conversations in the UK: an integrative review
Hall, C. C., Lugton, J., Spiller, J. A., & Carduff, E. (2019) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2018-001526 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Wilson, M. E., Mittal, A., Karki, B., Dobler, C. C., Wahab, A., Curtis, J. R., Erwin, P. J., Majzoub, A. M., Montori, V. M., Gajic, O., et al. (2019) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-019-05828-2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Douma, M., Graham, T. A., Ali, S., Dainty, K., Bone, A., Smith, K. E., Dennet, L., Brindley, P., Kroll, T., & Fraser, K. (2021) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2021.09.019 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Bringing into focus treatment limitation and DNACPR decisions: How COVID-19 has changed practice
Coleman, J. J., Botkai, A., Marson, E. J., Evison, F., Atia, J., Wang, J., Gallier, S., Speakman, J., & Pankhurst, T. (2020) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2020.08.006 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Ethik der Reanimation und Entscheidungen am Lebensende
Bossaert, L. L., Perkins, G. D., Askitopoulou, H., Raffay, V. I., Greif, R., Haywood, K. L., Mentzelopoulos, S. D., Nolan, J. P., de Voorde, P. V., & Xanthos, T. T. (2015) · Notfall + Rettungsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s10049-015-0083-z · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationAnderson, N. E., Gott, M., & Slark, J. (2017) · International Emergency Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ienj.2017.08.002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ethik der Reanimation und Entscheidungen am Lebensende
Mentzelopoulos, S. D., Couper, K., de Voorde, P. V., Druwé, P., Blom, M. T., Perkins, G. D., Lulić, I., Djakow, J., Raffay, V. I., Lilja, G., et al. (2021) · Notfall + Rettungsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s10049-021-00888-8 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationNolan, J. P., Berg, R. A., Callaway, C. W., Morrison, L. J., Nadkarni, V., Perkins, G. D., Sandroni, C., Skrifvars, M. B., Soar, J., Sunde, K., et al. (2018) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5230-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationInterventions to reduce mortality from in-hospital cardiac arrest: a mixed-methods study
Hogan, H., Hutchings, A., Wulff, J., Carver, C., Holdsworth, E., Welch, J., Harrison, D. A., & Black, N. A. (2019) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr07020 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sak‐Dankosky, N., Andruszkiewicz, P., Sherwood, P. R., & Kvist, T. A. (2017) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/nicc.12294 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Developing an intervention around referral and admissions to intensive care: a mixed-methods study
Bassford, C., Griffiths, F., Svantesson, M., Ryan, M., Krucien, N., Dale, J., Rees, S., Rees, K., Ignatowicz, A., Parsons, H., et al. (2019) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr07390 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationFamily presence during resuscitation: A concise narrative review
ROBERTIS, E. D., Romano, G. M., Hinkelbein, J., Piazza, O., & Sorriento, G. (2017) · Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.tacc.2017.06.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Tíscar-González, V., Gea‐Sánchez, M., Blanco‐Blanco, J., Pastells‐Peiró, R., de Ríos-Briz, N., & Moreno‐Casbas, T. (2020) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103740 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Family involvement in the intensive care unit in four Nordic countries
Frivold, G., Ågård, A. S., Jensen, H. I., Åkerman, E., Fossum, M., Alfheim, H. B., Rasi, M., & Lind, R. (2021) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/nicc.12702 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder as a Consequence of Acute Cardiovascular Disease
Princip, M., Ledermann, K., & von Känel, R. (2023) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-023-01870-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Stream, S., Nolan, A., Kwon, S., & Constable, C. (2018) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.06.020 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Evolution of medical ethics in resuscitation and end of life
Mentzelopoulos, S. D., Haywood, K. L., Cariou, A., Mantzanas, M., & Bossaert, L. L. (2016) · Trends in Anaesthesia and Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.tacc.2016.08.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationZajic, P., Zoidl, P., Deininger, M., Heschl, S., Fellinger, T., Posch, M., Metnitz, P., & Prause, G. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84718-4 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ramelet, A., Bergsträßer, E., Grandjean, C., Dorsaz, A., Fahrni-Nater, P., Cignacco, E., & Zimmerman, K. (2020) · Pediatric Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/pcc.0000000000002259 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
McIntosh, L. (2020) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afaa083 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Piscator, E., Göransson, K., Forsberg, S., Herlitz, J., & Djärv, T. (2022) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2022.100209 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“23,24,38,39”
Prospective, multicenter, Turkish out-of-hospital cardiac arrest study: TROHCA
Şener, A., Pekdemir, M., İslam, M. M., Aksay, E., Karahan, S., Aksel, G., Doğan, N. Ö., Öztürk, B., Hacımustafaoğlu, M., Türkücü, Ç., et al. (2024) · Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.4103/tjem.tjem_73_24 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Andersen, L. W., Sindberg, B., Holmberg, M. J. J., Isbye, D. L., Kjærgaard, J., Zwisler, S. T., Darling, S., Larsen, J. M., Rasmussen, B. S., Løfgren, B., et al. (2021) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2021.100081 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reply to Letter: Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Evidence-based guidelines?
Bossaert, L. L., Perkins, G. D., Askitopoulou, H., Raffay, V. I., Greif, R. T., Haywood, K. L., Mentzelopoulos, S. D., Nolan, J. P., de Voorde, P. V., & Xanthos, T. T. (2016) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.05.003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMentzelopoulos, S. D., Koliantzaki, I., Karvouniaris, M., Vrettou, C. S., Mongardon, N., Karlis, G., Makris, D. A., Zakynthinos, E. G., Sourlas, S., Aloizos, S., et al. (2018) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-018-6811-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationGupta, M., Joshi, U., Rao, S., Longo, M., & Salins, N. (2025) · BMC Palliative Care · doi:10.1186/s12904-025-01676-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ha, E., & Hyun, K. S. (2017) · Korean Journal of Adult Nursing · doi:10.7475/kjan.2017.29.5.484 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Waldemar, A. (2023) · Linköping University medical dissertations · doi:10.3384/9789180753340 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ethical Issues of Emergency Medical Care for Older Patients
Askitopoulou, H., Singler, K., Frühwald, T., & Weissenberger-Leduc, M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19318-2_27 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationPårørende på patientstuen ved hjertestop?
Ågård, A. S. (2021) · Nordisk Sygeplejeforskning · doi:10.18261/issn.1892-2686-2021-01-06 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mentzelopoulos, S. D., Couper, K., Raffay, V. I., Djakow, J., & Bossaert, L. L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11144005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationComorbidity and cardiac arrest: A continuing conundrum
Trethewey, S. P., & Couper, K. (2018) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.01.022 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Traducción oficial autorizada al español del Consejo Español de Resucitación Cardiopulmonar (CERCP)
Monsieurs, K. G., Nolan, J. P., Bossaert, L. L., Greif, R. T., Maconochie, I. K., Nikolaou, N. I., Perkins, G. D., Soar, J., Wyllie, J. P., & Zideman, D. A. (2015)
Self-citationDynamic prediction of ROSC: Is the art of prognostication in Resuscitation becoming science?
Aelen, P., & Noordergraaf, G. J. (2016) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2016.11.002
Respuesta a «Decisiones tras parada cardiaca irreversible: finales y oportunidades»
Messa, J. B. L. (2017) · Medicina Intensiva · doi:10.1016/j.medin.2017.05.007
Reply to “Decisions after irreversible cardiopulmonary arrest: Ends and opportunities”
Messa, J. B. L. (2017) · Medicina Intensiva (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.medine.2017.08.002
Searching for Bioethical Principles Related to Palliative Care
Nunes, L. (2018) · Hospice and Palliative Medicine International Journal · doi:10.15406/hpmij.2018.02.00059
Patients and Teams Caring for Them: Parallels Between Critical Care and Emergency Medicine
Mentzelopoulos, S. D. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43127-3_2
Self-citationOliva, M. C. B. (2021) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Focus Topic: Decision-Making Regarding Resuscitation from Cardiac Arrest in the ICU
Dutzmann, J., Joynt, G. M., Boulanger, C., Bakker, J., & Sadovnikoff, N. (2023) · Lessons from the ICU · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29390-0_9
Obstacles with Ethics in Resuscitation with Several Comorbidities
(2023) · Journal of Clinical Review & Case Reports · doi:10.33140/jcrc.08.10.03
Piscator, E., Ekestam, C., Bremer, L., & Heilborn, U. (2026) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2026.101492
- Authors
- Mentzelopoulos, S. D., Bossaert, L., Raffay, V., Askitopoulou, H., Perkins, G. D., Greif, R., Haywood, K., Van de Voorde, P., & Xanthos, T.
- Affiliations
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- University of Crete (GR)
- Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Bern (CH)
- Royal College of Nursing (GB)
- Midwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mentzelopoulos, Spyros D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Resuscitation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 100
- Pages
- 11-17
- ISSN
- 0300-9572 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2269502375
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 7.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Resuscitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Bern Open Repository and Information System (University of Bern) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Resuscitation Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Keywords
- resuscitation ethics, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, end-of-life care, family presence during resuscitation, death determination, organ donation, bioethical principles, autonomy, cross-national variation, European countries, expert opinion
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Ethics, Medical, Europe, Female, Heart Arrest, Humans, Leadership, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Terminal Care, Linear Models, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
