The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves
Open accessAbstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex causes considerable distress to domestic livestock and economic hardship to the beef industry. Furthermore, the resulting extensive use of antimicrobial treatments is a growing concern from the perspective of facilitating antibiotic resistant microbes. The earlier detection of BRD would enable an earlier, more targeted treatment regime and earlier isolation of infected individuals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of non-invasive infrared thermography in the early detection of BRD in cattle. Studies were conducted on 133 head of weaned calves. Data demonstrated that infrared thermography was able to identify animals at early stages of illness, often several days to over one week before clinical signs were manifest. Data indicated that 4-6 days prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of BRD, greater positive and negative predictive values and test efficiency for infrared thermography (80%, 65% and 71%, respectively) compared to the industry standard practice of clinical scoring (70%, 45% and 55%, respectively).
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In laboratory conditions, IRT has demonstrated remarkable accuracy in identifying increased eye temperatures in beef calves up to four to six days before emergence of observable BRD signs.
“In laboratory conditions, IRT has demonstrated remarkable accuracy in identifying increased eye temperatures in beef calves up to four to six days before the emergence of observable BRD signs [77].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [77]
The Results report that IRT identified calves that would develop clinical BRD 4–6 days later significantly better than clinical scores or core temperature. But the Introduction describes this study as investigating spontaneously occurring BRD, not laboratory-induced disease; its reference to controlled conditions concerns an earlier BVD study. Results Table 2 also shows that the difference in orbital temperatures at 4–6 days was not statistically significant (P = 0.34), so the claim overstates the evidence for increased eye temperature itself. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Schaefer, A. L., Cook, N. J., Bench, C., Chabot, J. B., Colyn, J., Liu, T., Okine, E. K., Stewart, M., & Webster, J. R. (2012) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.09.021 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
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Symposium Review: Precision Technologies for Dairy Calves and Management Applications
Costa, J. H. C., Cantor, M. C., & Neave, H. W. (2021) · Journal of Dairy Science · doi:10.3168/jds.2019-17885 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Bovine Respiratory Disease Diagnosis
Buczinski, S., & Pardon, B. (2020) · Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.004 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview
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“In laboratory conditions, IRT has demonstrated remarkable accuracy in identifying increased eye temperatures in beef calves up to four to six days before the emergence of observable BRD signs [77].”
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Wisnieski, L., Amrine, D. E., & Renter, D. G. (2021) · Livestock Science · doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104666 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schaefer, A. L., Cook, N. J., Church, J. S., Basarab, J., Perry, B., Miller, C., & Tong, A. K. W.
- Affiliations
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (CA)
- Agriculture Food and Rural Development (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Schaefer, A.L.
- Venue
- Research in Veterinary Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 376-384
- ISSN
- 0034-5288 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7111866
- OpenAlex
- W2141081365
- Cited by
- 196
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Research in Veterinary Science (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Infrared Thermography in Medicine
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
- Keywords
- infrared thermography, bovine respiratory disease, calves, early disease detection, non-invasive diagnosis, clinical scoring, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, test efficiency, antibiotic resistance, beef cattle
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cattle, Infrared Rays, Predictive Value of Tests, Thermography, Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex
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