A validation of a new measure of activity in psychosis
Open accessAbstract
Despite demonstrated relationships between activity and clinical change, we lack effective measures of time use in psychosis. Existing time budget measures of activity are demanding to complete, and thus unsuited to routine clinical use as measures of change. Less burdensome 'check-box' measures are prone to bias and omission in the activities selected. We recently devised a simplified time budget measure of activity in psychosis which was piloted on a small sample [Jolly, S., Garety, P., Dunn, G., White, J., Aitken, M., Challocombe, F., Griggs, M., Wallace, M., Craig, T. 2005. A pilot validation study of a new measure of activity in psychosis. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 40, 905-911]. This study is a larger scale validation. 276 participants with a recent relapse of non-affective psychosis completed the new time budget, together with an established measure of global social functioning, measures of positive and negative psychotic symptoms, positive symptom distress and affect. The time budget measure showed a correlation of 0.5 with both the SOFAS and the SANS avolition/apathy subscale. Activity levels were related to psychotic symptomatology, both positive and negative. Positive symptom distress was more strongly associated with activity levels than symptom severity and affective disturbance. We conclude that the time budget measure can be used as an indicator of social functioning, with potential as a measure of therapeutic change. We are currently investigating its sensitivity in this context.
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Since the simplified time budget focuses more on the level of activity involvement than on dimensions of activity engagement and experience, it may also be less useful to guide interventions.
“Since it focuses more on the level of activity involvement than on dimensions of activity engagement and experience, it may also be less useful to guide interventions.”
From Contributions of a time use perspective in community mental health practice: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Section 1.2 and §2.2.1 describe a diary scored by activity, complexity and effort, and §1.2 acknowledges a bias toward active rather than reflective ways of spending time. This supports the comparison with dimensions of experience, but the paper does not say that the measure is less useful for guiding interventions; it instead describes potential routine clinical use and measurement of therapeutic change (Abstract). No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe simplified time budget may be easier to complete than the POES and less intrusive than the Experience Sampling-based approach.
“In comparison, the simplified time budget (39) may be easier to complete than the POES and less intrusive than the Experience Sampling-based approach.”
From Contributions of a time use perspective in community mental health practice: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Section 1.2 describes the simplified time budget as designed to be simple to complete and repeatable in routine clinical use. The copy does not compare it specifically with the POES or assess whether it is less intrusive than an Experience Sampling-based approach. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGiven the time budget measures activity engagement in 4 blocks daily, it may possibly be less sensitive to activity changes than the POES that records activities at 1-hourly intervals.
“Given the time budget measures activity engagement in 4 blocks daily, it may possibly be less sensitive to activity changes than the POES that records activities at 1-hourly intervals.”
From Contributions of a time use perspective in community mental health practice: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Sections 1.2 and 2.2.1 confirm that the time budget records activity in four blocks per day. The paper does not describe POES or its hourly intervals, and §4.2 says the time budget’s sensitivity to change still needed investigation; it does not make the proposed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTime diary-based assessments, such as POES and the simplified time budget, have limitations; difficulties related to recall may be more pronounced for individuals with severe mental illnesses due to cognitive issues, lack of daily prompts or routines, or issues related to reporting particular activities.
“Some limitations of time diary-based assessments, such as POES (36) and the simplified time budget (39), should be noted. While they typically include a retrospective interview that offers opportunities for practitioners to explore perceptions of activity engagement and time use, difficulties related to recall may be more pronounced for individuals with severe mental illnesses due to cognitive”
From Contributions of a time use perspective in community mental health practice: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe time use assessments identified in this review appear to be valuable and inexpensive tools for reflection on one's time use, health and well-being through activity, developing awareness of personal needs and issues, describing the frequency and experiences of related behaviors, identifying the impacts of symptoms, treatments and resources in daily life, and informing goal planning.
“The time use assessments identified in this review also appear to be valuable and inexpensive tools for reflection on one’s time use, health and well-being through activity, developing awareness of personal needs and issues, describing the frequency and experiences of related behaviors, identifying the impacts of symptoms, treatments and resources in daily life, and informing goal planning (36, 37”
From Contributions of a time use perspective in community mental health practice: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Jolley et al. developed a simplified time budget completed in a structured interview designed to record a person's activities over seven days in four daily blocks of time, and to support recall of activities and social contacts.
“Their simplified time budget is completed in a structured interview designed to record a person’s activities over seven days in four daily blocks of time, and to support recall of activities and social contacts.”
From Contributions of a time use perspective in community mental health practice: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Jolley et al. reported that this simplified time budget is able to discriminate levels of activity, showed stronger associations with symptom distress than symptom severity, and suggested its use as an indicator of social functioning.
“Jolley et al. (39) reported that this simplified time budget is able to discriminate levels of activity, showed stronger associations with symptom distress than symptom severity, and suggested its use as an indicator of social functioning.”
From Contributions of a time use perspective in community mental health practice: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
Cardoso et al. used the time budget to measure the effectiveness of a staff training program to improve the activity engagement of people with schizophrenia living in residential facilities.
“Based on a similar approach to the TUS, the previously described time budget (39) was used by Cardoso et al. (49) to measure the effectiveness of a staff training program to improve the activity engagement of people with schizophrenia living in residential facilities.”
From Contributions of a time use perspective in community mental health practice: a scoping review (2024) · cites this paper as [39]
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References 25 · Cited by 78
- Authors
- JOLLEY, S., GARETY, P., ELLETT, L., KUIPERS, E., FREEMAN, D., BEBBINGTON, P., FOWLER, D., & DUNN, G.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- University of East Anglia (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- JOLLEY, S
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 288-295
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1980623059
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (062452)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- psychosis, time budget
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition Disorders, Demography, Female, Humans, Male, Psychomotor Disorders, Psychotic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Schizophrenia, Social Behavior, Time Factors, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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