The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Modelling impacts of climate change and socio-economic change on the Ganga, Brahmaputra, Meghna, Hooghly and Mahanadi river systems in India and Bangladesh
Open accessAbstract
The Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna (GBM) River System, the associated Hooghly River and the Mahanadi River System represent the largest river basins in the world serving a population of over 780 million. The rivers are of vital concern to India and Bangladesh as they provide fresh water for people, agriculture, industry, conservation and support the Delta System in the Bay of Bengal. Future changes in both climate and socio-economics have been investigated to assess whether these will alter river flows and water quality. Climate datasets downscaled from three different Global Climate Models have been used to drive a daily process based flow and water quality model. The results suggest that due to climate change the flows will increase in the monsoon period and also be enhanced in the dry season. However, once socio-economic changes are also considered, increased population, irrigation, water use and industrial development reduce water availability in drought conditions, threatening water supplies and posing a threat to river and coastal ecosystems. This study, as part of the DECCMA (Deltas, vulnerability and Climate Change: Migration and Adaptation) project, also addresses water quality issues, particularly nutrients (N and P) and their transport along the rivers and discharge into the Delta System. Climate will alter flows, increasing flood flows and changing pollution dilution factors in the rivers, as well as other key processes controlling water quality. Socio-economic change will affect water quality, as water diversion strategies, increased population and industrial development alter the water balance and enhance fluxes of nutrients from agriculture, urban centers and atmospheric deposition.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Coastal areas such as the Sundarbans and the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta face threats from rising sea levels, cyclones, and floods.
“Coastal areas, such as the Sundarbans and the Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta, face relentless threats due to rising sea levels, cyclones, and floods.”
From Climate-Induced Migration in India and Bangladesh: A Systematic Review of Drivers, Impacts, and Adaptation Mechanisms (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says the deltas of Bangladesh and India are vulnerable to sea-level rise and flooding, including potential flooding associated with cyclone activity. It identifies the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna Delta, but the passages found do not name the Sundarbans or establish the risks specifically for that area. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I — A discussion of principles
Nash, J. E., & Sutcliffe, J. V. (1970) · Journal of Hydrology · doi:10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6 · Cited by 24,401
Barker, T. J., Bashmakov, I., Bernstein, L., Bogner, J. R., Bosch, P. C., Dave, R., Davidson, O., Fisher, B. S., Grubb, M. J., Gupta, S. K., et al. (2007) · Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling · Cited by 9,160
Gordon, C., Cooper, C., Senior, C. A., Banks, H. T., Gregory, J. M., Johns, T. C., Mitchell, J. F. B., & Wood, R. (2000) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s003820050010 · Cited by 2,576
Spear, R. C. (1980) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/0043-1354(80)90040-8 · Cited by 621
Whitehead, P. G., WILSON, E., & Butterfield, D. A. (1998) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00037-0 · Cited by 395
Self-citationA nitrogen model for European catchments: INCA, new model structure and equations
Wade, A. J., Durand, P., Beaujouan, V., et al. (2002) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-6-559-2002 · Cited by 303
Arnell, N. W., & Lloyd-Hughes, B. (2013) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0948-4 · Cited by 296
Futter, M. N., Butterfield, D. A., Cosby, B. J., et al. (2007) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2006wr004960 · Cited by 244
Whitehead, P. G., WILSON, E., Butterfield, D. A., et al. (1998) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00038-2 · Cited by 221
Self-citationGeomorphic characterization and diversity of the fluvial systems of the Gangetic Plains
Sinha, R., Jain, V., Babu, G. P., et al. (2005) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.02.006 · Cited by 163
Self-citationHornberger, G. M. (1980) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/0043-1354(80)90039-1 · Cited by 163
Kebede, A. S., Nicholls, R. J., Allan, A., Arto, I., Cazcarro, I., Fernandes, J. A., Hill, C., Hutton, C. W., Kay, S., Lázár, A. N., et al. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.368 · Cited by 163
Self-citationWade, A. J., Whitehead, P. G., & Butterfield, D. (2002) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-6-583-2002 · Cited by 161
Self-citationWhitehead, P. G., Barbour, E., Futter, M. N., et al. (2015) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c4em00619d · Cited by 158
Self-citationCaesar, J., Janes, T., Lindsay, A., & Bhaskaran, B. (2015) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c4em00650j · Cited by 120
Self-citationNicholls, R. J., Hutton, C. W., Lázár, A. N., et al. (2016) · Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science · doi:10.1016/j.ecss.2016.08.017 · Cited by 118
Self-citationWhitehead, P. G., Sarkar, S., Jin, L., Futter, M. N., Caesar, J., Barbour, E., Butterfield, D., Sinha, R., Nicholls, R. J., Hutton, C. W., et al. (2015) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c4em00616j · Cited by 104
Self-citationBussi, G., Whitehead, P. G., Bowes, M. J., et al. (2016) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.109 · Cited by 92
Self-citationRoy, N., & Sinha, R. (2014) · Geomorphology · doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.04.029 · Cited by 85
Self-citationJin, L., Whitehead, P. G., Rodda, H. J. E., Macadam, I., & Sarkar, S. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.349 · Cited by 80
Self-citationShi, Y., Gao, X., Zhang, D., et al. (2011) · Quaternary International · doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.01.041 · Cited by 69
Wade, A. J., Whitehead, P. G., Hornberger, G. M., et al. (2002) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(01)00926-3 · Cited by 62
Self-citationAn application of the GLUE methodology for estimating the parameters of the INCA-N model
Rankinen, K., Karvonen, T., & Butterfield, D. (2006) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.02.034 · Cited by 57
Jin, L., Whitehead, P. G., Sarkar, S., et al. (2015) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c5em00092k · Cited by 56
Self-citationJanes, T., McGrath, F., Macadam, I., & Jones, R. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.376 · Cited by 55
Self-citationTen fundamental questions for water resources development in the Ganges: myths and realities
Sadoff, C., Harshadeep, N. R., Blackmore, D., et al. (2013) · Water Policy · doi:10.2166/wp.2013.006 · Cited by 53
(2020) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429432484 · Cited by 45
Pathak, D., Whitehead, P. G., Futter, M. N., et al. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.022 · Cited by 42
Self-citationRainfall runoff modelling of the Upper Ganga and Brahmaputra basins using PERSiST
Futter, M. N., Whitehead, P. G., Sarkar, S., et al. (2015) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c4em00613e · Cited by 27
Self-citationNitrogen leaching from catchments in the Middle Hills of Nepal; an application of the INCA model
Collins, R., Whitehead, P. G., & Butterfield, D. A. (1999) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00050-9 · Cited by 14
Self-citationNicholls, R. J., Whitehead, P. G., Wolf, J., et al. (2015) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c5em90022k · Cited by 13
Self-citationWhitehead, P. G. (2016) · Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online · doi:10.1002/9781118445112.stat07793.pub2 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Caesar, 2015, Climate projections over Bangladesh and the upstream Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna system, Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts, 17, 1047
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Climate change as a veiled driver of migration in Bangladesh and Ghana
Fernández, S., Arce, G., García-Alaminos, Á., Cazcarro, I., & Arto, I. (2024) · Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171210 · Cited by 22
Gupta, D., Kumar, P., Okano, N., & Sharma, M. (2025) · Climate · doi:10.3390/cli13040081 · Cited by 16
“However, it faces threats from sea-level rise and floods [35].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Whitehead, P. G., Jin, L., Macadam, I., Janes, T., Sarkar, S., Rodda, H. J. E., Sinha, R., & Nicholls, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- SUNY Cortland (US)
- Met Office (GB)
- KIIT University (IN)
- Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IN)
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Whitehead, Paul G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-09
- Volume
- 636
- Pages
- 1362-1372
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2799810748
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 4.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2018-12-10)
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Department for International Development, UK Government
- International Development Research Centre
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water resources management and optimization
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Environmental Science and Water Management
- Keywords
- climate change impacts, socio-economic change, Hooghly River, Mahanadi River, streamflow projections, water quality, nutrient transport, monsoon flooding, drought, water availability, water diversion, industrial pollution, atmospheric deposition, coastal ecosystems, global climate model downscaling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
