Uptake mechanisms of perfluoroalkyl acids with different carbon chain lengths (C2-C8) by wheat (Triticum acstivnm L.)
Abstract
Organic compounds could be taken up by plants via different pathways, depending on chemical properties and biological species, which is important for the risk assessment and risk control. To investigate the transport pathways of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) by wheat (Triticum acstivnm L.), the uptake of five perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs): TFA (C2), PFPrA (C3), PFBA (C4), PFHxA (C6), PFOA (C8), and a perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid: PFOS (C8)) were studied using hydroponic experiments. Various inhibitors including a metabolic inhibitor (Na 3 VO 4), two anion channel blockers (9-AC, DIDS), and two aquaporin inhibitors (AgNO 3, glycerol) were examined. The wheat root and shoot showed different concentration trends with the carbon chain length of PFAAs. The uptake of TFA was inhibited by Na 3 VO 4 and 9-AC whereas PFPrA was inhibited by Na 3 VO 4, AgNO 3 and 9-AC. For the other four PFAAs, only Na 3 VO 4 was effective. These results together with the result of concentration-dependent uptake, which followed the Michaelis-Menten model, indicate that the uptake of PFAAs by wheat is mainly an energy-dependent active process mediated by carriers. For the ultra-short chain PFCAs (C2 and C3), aquaporins and anion channels may also be involved. A competition between TFA and PFPrA was determined during the plant uptake but no competition was observed between these two shorter chain analogues with other analogues, neither between PFBA and PFHxA, PFBA and PFBS, PFOA and PFOS.
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Salinity stress can alter cell membrane stability and the activity of transport proteins, potentially limiting PFAS movement across root tissues and into the vascular system.
“Furthermore, salinity stress can alter cell membrane stability and the activity of transport proteins, potentially limiting PFAS movement across root tissues and into the vascular system [85,86].”
From Influence of root morphology and salinity on PFAS uptake by ten Australian wetland plant species (2026) · cites this paper as [85]
Uptake of TFA from nutrient solution by roots and leaves of wheat plants resulted in accumulated concentrations of 170,000,000 ng kg−1 in roots and 100,000,000 ng kg−1 in shoots after exposure for 80 h.
“Uptake of TFA from nutrient solution (containing 2,000,000,000 ng a.e. L−1) by roots and leaves of wheat plants resulted in accumulated concentrations 170,000,000 ng kg−1 in roots and 100,000,000 ng kg−1 in shoots after exposure for 80 h [235].”
From Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate (2023) · cites this paper as [235]
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References 62 · Cited by 165
- Authors
- Zhang, L., Sun, H., Wang, Q., Chen, H., Yao, Y., Zhao, Z., & Alder, A. C.
- Affiliations
- Nankai University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Hongwen
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-03
- Volume
- 654
- Pages
- 19-27
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2899389960
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 4.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (41573097)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fluoride Effects and Removal
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism
- Keywords
- perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluorinated carboxylic acids, perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorobutanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, PFOS, wheat, plant uptake, carbon chain length, active transport, aquaporins, anion channels, DIDS, Michaelis-Menten kinetics, uptake inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Carboxylic Acids, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Fluorocarbons, Soil Pollutants, Sulfonic Acids, Time Factors, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Triticum, Seedlings
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