The DOI matches its Crossref record; 278 of the 278 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Where the rubber meets the road: Emerging environmental impacts of tire wear particles and their chemical cocktails
Open accessAbstract
About 3 billion new tires are produced each year and about 800 million tires become waste annually. Global dependence upon tires produced from natural rubber and petroleum-based compounds represents a persistent and complex environmental problem with only partial and often-times, ineffective solutions. Tire emissions may be in the form of whole tires, tire particles, and chemical compounds, each of which is transported through various atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic routes in the natural and built environments. Production and use of tires generates multiple heavy metals, plastics, PAH's, and other compounds that can be toxic alone or as chemical cocktails. Used tires require storage space, are energy intensive to recycle, and generally have few post-wear uses that are not also potential sources of pollutants (e.g., crumb rubber, pavements, burning). Tire particles emitted during use are a major component of microplastics in urban runoff and a source of unique and highly potent toxic substances. Thus, tires represent a ubiquitous and complex pollutant that requires a comprehensive examination to develop effective management and remediation. We approach the issue of tire pollution holistically by examining the life cycle of tires across production, emissions, recycling, and disposal. In this paper, we synthesize recent research and data about the environmental and human health risks associated with the production, use, and disposal of tires and discuss gaps in our knowledge about fate and transport, as well as the toxicology of tire particles and chemical leachates. We examine potential management and remediation approaches for addressing exposure risks across the life cycle of tires. We consider tires as pollutants across three levels: tires in their whole state, as particulates, and as a mixture of chemical cocktails. Finally, we discuss information gaps in our understanding of tires as a pollutant and outline key questions to improve our knowledge and ability to manage and remediate tire pollution.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Common improper disposal methods for plastic and tire waste globally include landfilling, illegal dumping, and open burning, leading to severe environmental consequences such as soil and water contamination, air pollution from toxic emissions, and habitat destruction [320].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [320]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Additionally, there exist many poorly documented contaminants derived from vehicles or roadways, or specically from tire rubbers, in environmental matrices.13”
From Storms mobilize organophosphate esters, bisphenols, PFASs, and vehicle-derived contaminants to San Francisco Bay watersheds (2024) · cites this paper as [13]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bergmann, M., Gutow, L., & Klages, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3 · Cited by 3,513
Current opinion: What is a nanoplastic?
Gigault, J., Halle, A. T., Baudrimont, M., Pascal, P.-Y., Gauffre, F., Phi, T.-L., El Hadri, H., Grassl, B., & Reynaud, S. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.024 · Cited by 2,010
Duis, K., & Coors, A. (2016) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-015-0069-y · Cited by 1,878
Wear and Tear of Tyres: A Stealthy Source of Microplastics in the Environment
Kole, P. J., Löhr, A., Belleghem, F. V., & Ragas, A. M. J. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14101265 · Cited by 1,721
Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review
Thorpe, A. J., & Harrison, R. M. (2008) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.007 · Cited by 1,698
A ubiquitous tire rubber–derived chemical induces acute mortality in coho salmon
Tian, Z., Zhao, H., Peter, K. T., Gonzalez, M., Wetzel, J., Wu, C., Hu, X., Prat, J., Mudrock, E., Hettinger, R., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd6951 · Cited by 1,604
Self-citationChemSpider: An Online Chemical Information Resource
Pence, H. E., & Williams, A. J. (2010) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/ed100697w · Cited by 1,258
Self-citationThe CompTox Chemistry Dashboard: a community data resource for environmental chemistry
Williams, A. J., Grulke, C., Edwards, J., McEachran, A. D., Mansouri, K., Baker, N., Patlewicz, G. Y., Shah, I., Wambaugh, J. F., Judson, R., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cheminformatics · doi:10.1186/s13321-017-0247-6 · Cited by 1,212
Self-citationAtmospheric transport is a major pathway of microplastics to remote regions
Evangeliou, N., Grythe, H., Klimont, Z., Heyes, C., Eckhardt, S., López-Aparicio, S., & Stohl, A. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17201-9 · Cited by 1,195
Koe, W. S., Lee, J. W., Chong, W. C., Pang, Y. L., & Sim, L. C. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-07193-5 · Cited by 1,169
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- California Department of Toxic Substances Control, 2021, Three year priority product work plan (2021−2023), Safer Consumer Products Program.
- Halsband, 2020, Car Tire crumb rubber: does leaching produce a toxic chemical cocktail in coastal marine systems? Frontiers in environmental, Science, 8
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Yılbaşı, Z. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17136145 · Cited by 41
Peter, K. T., Gilbreath, A., Gonzalez, M., Tian, Z., Wong, A., Yee, D., Miller, E. L., Avellaneda, P. M., Chen, D., Patterson, A., et al. (2024) · Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/d4em00117f · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Mayer, P. M., Moran, K. D., Miller, E. L., Brander, S. M., Harper, S., Garcia-Jaramillo, M., Carrasco-Navarro, V., Ho, K. T., Burgess, R. M., Thornton Hampton, L. M., Granek, E. F., McCauley, M., McIntyre, J. K., Kolodziej, E. P., Hu, X., Williams, A. J., Beckingham, B. A., Jackson, M. E., Sanders-Smith, R. D., Fender, C. L., King, G. A., Bollman, M., Kaushal, S. S., Cunningham, B. E., Hutton, S. J., Lang, J., Goss, H. V., Siddiqui, S., Sutton, R., Lin, D., & Mendez, M.
- Affiliations
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- San Francisco Estuary Institute (US)
- Oregon State University (US)
- Portland State University (US)
- Washington State University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- College of Charleston (US)
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center (US)
- GSI Environmental (United States) (US)
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mayer, Paul M.
- ORCID
- Mayer, Paul M.
- Moran, Kelly D.
- Miller, Ezra L.
- Brander, Susanne M.
- Harper, Stacey
- Garcia-Jaramillo, Manuel
- Carrasco-Navarro, Victor
- Ho, Kay T.
- Burgess, Robert M.
- Thornton Hampton, Leah M.
- Granek, Elise F.
- McCauley, Margaret
- McIntyre, Jenifer K.
- Kolodziej, Edward P.
- Hu, Ximin
- Williams, Antony J.
- Beckingham, Barbara A.
- Jackson, Miranda E.
- Sanders-Smith, Rhea D.
- Fender, Chloe L.
- King, George A.
- Bollman, Michael
- Kaushal, Sujay S.
- Cunningham, Brittany E.
- Hutton, Sara J.
- Lang, Jackelyn
- Goss, Heather V.
- Siddiqui, Samreen
- Sutton, Rebecca
- Lin, Diana
- Mendez, Miguel
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-06
- Volume
- 927
- Pages
- 171153
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11214769
- OpenAlex
- W4392563131
- Cited by
- 267
- References
- 278
- Citations by year
- 2026: 128 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 29
- FWCI
- 6.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PDXScholar (Portland State University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Eastern Finland
- California Ocean Protection Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Recycling and utilization of industrial and municipal waste in materials production
- Keywords
- tire wear particles, waste tires, microplastics, waste tire recycling, waste tire disposal, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, chemical cocktails, leachate, toxicology, human health risk, environmental fate and transport, urban runoff, remediation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
