Acclimated Green Microalgae Consortium to Treat Sewage in an Alternative Urban WWTP in a Coastal Area of Central Italy
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This study exposed a microalgal consortium formed by Auxenochlorella protothecoides, Tetradesmus obliquus, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to six mixed wastewater media containing different proportions of primary (P) or secondary (S) effluents diluted in centrate (C). Algae could grow at centrate concentrations up to 50 %, showing no significant differences between effluents. After acclimation, microalgae cultivated in 50%P-50%C and 50%S-50%C grew at a rate similar to that of control cultures (0.59–0.66 d−1). These results suggest that the consortium acclimated to both sewage streams by modulating the proportion of the species and their metabolism. Acclimation also altered the photosynthetic activity of wastewater-grown samples compared to the control, probably due to partial photoinhibition, changes in consortium composition, and changes in metabolic activity. No major differences were observed between the two streams with respect to biochemical composition, biomass yield, or bioremediation capacity of the cultivated algae but algae grown in the secondary effluent showed qualitatively higher exopolysaccharides (EPS) production than algae grown in primary. Regarding wastewater remediation, microalgae grown in both WW media showed proficient nutrient removal efficiencies (close to 100 %); however, the final pH value (close to 11) would be controversial if the system were upscaled as it is over the legal limit and would cause phosphorus precipitation, so that CO2 addition would be required. The theoretical scale-up of the microalgae system could achieve water treatment costs of 0.109 €·m−3, which was significantly lower than the costs of typical activated sludge systems.
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Microalgae-based systems can be effectively used in wastewater and leachate treatment, waste and sewage sludge neutralisation, carbon dioxide biostorage, biogas upgrading, and flue gas cleaning.
“Previous studies have shown that microalgae-based systems can be effectively used in wastewater and leachate treatment, waste and sewage sludge neutralisation, carbon dioxide biostorage, biogas upgrading, and flue gas cleaning [22-27].”
From Multi-Sensing Monitoring of the Microalgae Biomass Cultivation Systems for Biofuels and Added Value Products Synthesis—Challenges and Opportunities (2025) · cites this paper as [22]
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U, J. I. F., Djema, W., & Olivier Bernard, A. (2023) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2023.10.329 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Jiménez-Benítez, A. L., Sanchis-Perucho, P., Godifredo, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2024.104892 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Algal systems for resource recovery from waste and wastewater
Khandelwal, A., & Lens, P. N. L. (2023) · IWA Publishing eBooks · doi:10.2166/9781789063547_0003 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ecophysiological behaviour of different diatoms in response to copepod signals
Petrucciani, A., Maso, S., & Norici, A. (2024) · Phycologia · doi:10.1080/00318884.2023.2298179 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMora-Sánchez, J. F., González-Camejo, J., Noriega-Hevia, G., Seco, A., & Ruano, M. V. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16010369 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationResman, L., Zrimec, M. B., Žitko, V., Lazar, B., Reinhardt, R. M., Cerar, A., & Mihelič, R. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su152416948 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mora-Sánchez, J. F., González-Camejo, J., Noriega-Hevia, G., et al. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202312.0254.v1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationData for designing microalgal consortia for higher yield
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(2003) · German Politics · doi:10.1080/09644000412331307634 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dębowski, M., Kazimierowicz, J., & Zieliński, M. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15137324 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Chieti, M. G., Petrucciani, A., Mollo, L., Gerotto, C., Eusebi, A. L., Fatone, F., Norici, A., & González-Camejo, J.
- Affiliations
- Marche Polytechnic University (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Petrucciani, A.
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-10
- Volume
- 945
- Pages
- 174056
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4399787295
- Semantic Scholar
- 7391afee588ea8c706b9301e32c13228e2739a5e
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 1.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Università Politecnica delle Marche (Università Politecnica delle Marche) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Horizon 2020 MSCA
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment
- Keywords
- microalgae consortium, wastewater treatment, Auxenochlorella protothecoides, Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, primary effluent, secondary effluent, photoinhibition, exopolysaccharide production, nutrient removal, algae-based wastewater treatment, scale-up
- MeSH terms
- Chlorophyta, Biodegradation, Environmental, Italy, Sewage, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Microalgae, Wastewater
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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