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Food waste posing a serious threat to sustainability in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – A systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Worldwide, food waste is one of the prime issues threatening food security and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is not an exception. With 427 kg of food wasted per capita per year, the country ranks among the top food wasters. Ironically, the Kingdom has limited arable lands and scarce water resources to support mass-scale agriculture and to feed its increasing population, KSA relies heavily on imports and subsidized food to meet needs. Yet, food is wasted at restaurants, caterers, cafeterias and, especially, by households such that food waste is the single-largest component of the landfills. The review article is based on the grey and scientific literature published in the English and Arabic languages on the issue of food waste in Saudi Arabia. Information sources like Web of knowledge, online resources and the databases available through the King Saud University, Saudi Arabia were accessed and used to collect information on food waste, its social, cultural, economic and environmental impacts and related topics. Since food items and groceries are abundantly available to all living in KSA and they are highly subsidized, the residents take food for granted. According to a recent survey, about 78% of food purchased in KSA is discarded each week in order to make room for new groceries. The factors responsible for food waste include: lack of awareness; and insufficient and inappropriate planning when shopping. Food waste in restaurants, celebrations, social events and occasions are enormous. Waste is common in festivals and special events where the customs is to provide more food than required. There is a need to change society's food culture, particularly among the women and the youth, as they are largest segment of the society and the prime food wasters. The analysis of the factors responsible for food waste, identified in this article suggests a "Stop Wasting Food" campaign should be launched. It is also recommended to determine and activate the role of extension education to reduce food waste in the KSA through vibrant capacity building programs for youth and women, in particular, and society in general.
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“Furthermore, the per capita income is increased dramatically in the last decades mainly due to oil revenue while food price is subsidized by the KSA government, such these factors are translated to a high level of food waste [8].”
From The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“For example, food promotions could contribute to waste by encouraging consumers to purchase the food they do not need and are unlikely to consume prior to spoilage [8].”
From The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“There is also some evidence that the culture could directly or indirectly affect food waste intention [8].”
From The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Saudis' cultural approaches to special events, as well as everyday shopping, cooking, and eating shape food waste patterns [8].”
From The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
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“The tradition of hospitality is largely acknowledged and practiced in the KSA context [8].”
From The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
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“Furthermore, culture is considered one of the top factors that shaped food waste [8].”
From The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
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“As highlighted in the literature, the Saudis are recognized for high generosity and hospitality culture which results in their intention and behavior of buying more food than needed [8].”
From The Impact of Religiosity and Food Consumption Culture on Food Waste Intention in Saudi Arabia (2021) · cites this paper as [8]
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Cites
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New insights in food security and environmental sustainability through waste food management
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Metadata
- Authors
- Baig, M. B., Al-Zahrani, K. H., Schneider, F., Straquadine, G. S., & Mourad, M.
- Affiliations
- King Saud University (SA)
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut (DE)
- Utah State University Eastern (US)
- Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Baig, Mirza B.
- Venue
- Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1743-1752
- ISSN
- 1319-562X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6864160
- OpenAlex
- W2809399460
- Cited by
- 116
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- SPIRE (Sciences Po) (submittedVersion)
- OpenAgrar (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Waste Reduction and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
- Keywords
- food waste, Saudi Arabia, food security, household food waste, restaurant food waste, food waste awareness, food waste reduction, food culture, extension education, sustainability
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- Baig, M. B., Al-Zahrani, K. H., Schneider, F., Straquadine, G. S., & Mourad, M. (2019). Food waste posing a serious threat to sustainability in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia – A systematic review. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.06.004
