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Trends in insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among US adults from 2002 to 2012
Open accessAbstract
Objective Insomnia is a prevalent disorder in the United States and elsewhere. It has been associated with a range of somatic and psychiatric conditions, and adversely affects quality of life, productivity at work, and school performance. The objective of this study was to examine the trend in self-reported insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among US adults.Methods We used data of participants aged ≥18 years from the National Health Interview Survey for the years 2002 (30,970 participants), 2007 (23,344 participants), and 2012 (34,509 participants).Results The unadjusted prevalence of insomnia or trouble sleeping increased from 17.5% (representing 37.5 million adults) in 2002 to 19.2% (representing 46.2 million adults) in 2012 (relative increase: +8.0%) (P trend <0.001). The age-adjusted prevalence increased from 17.4% to 18.8%. Significant increases were present among participants aged 18-24, 25-34, 55-64, and 65-74 years, men, women, whites, Hispanics, participants with diabetes, and participants with joint pain. Large relative increases occurred among participants aged 18-24 years (+30.9%) and participants with diabetes (+27.0%). The age-adjusted percentage of participants who reported regularly having excessive daytime sleepiness increased from 9.8% to 12.7% (P trend <0.001). Significant increases were present in most demographic groups. The largest relative increase was among participants aged 25-34 years (+49%). Increases were also found among participants with hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and joint pain.Conclusions Given the deleterious effects of insomnia on health and performance, the increasing prevalence of insomnia and excessive daytime sleepiness among US adults is a potentially troubling development.
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“While rates of AUD tend to be higher among men (Goldstein et al., 2015), rates of AUD are increasing among women (Han et al., 2017) and the prevalence of insomnia tends to be higher among women (Ford et al., 2015).”
From Insomnia treatment in the context of alcohol use disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as Ford et al., 2015
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Trastornos del sueño y enfermedad cardiovascular
Sánchez‐de‐la‐Torre, M., & Barbé, F. (2021) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2021.09.001 · Cited by 8
Wipper, B., Mayer‐Suess, L., Cesari, M., Ibrahim, A., Winkelman, J. W., & Kiechl, S. J. (2024) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000539369 · Cited by 7
“Coexistence of insomnia and diabetes mellitus have been of continued interest in the literature, with many studies revealing high rates of clinical insomnia and/or symptoms of insomnia in diabetic patients [47, 75, 76].”
Daytime sleepiness in insomnia: Are we focusing on what truly matters?
Marques, D. R., Gomes, A. A., & de Azevedo, M. H. P. (2024) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2024.2378025 · Cited by 7
“Regarding research using community-based participants, it was found that among those individuals with insomnia, one-third experienced regularly excessive daytime sleepiness (Ford et al. 2015).”
Sleep, chronotype, social jetlag, and mental health in resident physicians: a cross-sectional study
Moderie, C., Paradis, C., Philippe, F. L., Geoffroy, M., Guay, E., & Paquin, V. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.11288 · Cited by 11
Sleep-Related Cannabis Expectancy Questionnaire (SR-CEQ): Initial Development among College Students
Goodhines, P. A., LaRowe, L. R., Gellis, L. A., Ditre, J. W., & Park, A. (2020) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2020.1800151 · Cited by 7
Otsuka, Y., Takeshima, O., Itani, O., Kaneko, Y., Suzuki, M., Matsumoto, Y., & Kaneita, Y. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.056 · Cited by 7
COMISA (Comorbid Insomnia and Sleep Apnea): a Practical Approach
Brock, M. S., Foster, S. N., Motamedi, V., & Mysliwiec, V. (2018) · Current Sleep Medicine Reports · doi:10.1007/s40675-018-0127-2 · Cited by 10
Heart rate variability and surgical pleth index under anesthesia in poor and normal sleepers
Ho, C., Fu, P., Chen, J., Hung, K., Chang, J.-H., Peng, C., & Yang, A. C. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing · doi:10.1007/s10877-019-00450-5 · Cited by 7
Гафаров, В. В., Громова, Е. А., Panov, D., Gagulin, I. V., Tripelgorn, A. N., & Гафарова, А. В. (2021) · Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics · doi:10.14412/2074-2711-2021-3-42-47 · Cited by 8
The effect of TENS on sleep: A pilot study
Zhou, L., Xu, Y., Song, F., Li, W., Gao, F., Zhu, Q., & Qian, Z. (2023) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2023.04.029 · Cited by 6
Chang, K.-M., Lin, C., Jan, Y.-W., Gordon, C. J., Lee, H., Shih, C., Bartlett, D. J., Fan, Y., & Chiu, H. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.11256 · Cited by 6
Zhao, F.-Y., Conduit, R., Kennedy, G. A., Xu, P., Zhang, W., Ho, J. Y. S., Fu, Q.-Q., & Chow, C. M. (2025) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v15.i5.105802 · Cited by 7
Hu, Z., Tian, Y., Song, X., Zeng, F., Hu, K., & Yang, A. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03587-2 · Cited by 6
Insomnia Medication Use by University Students: A Systematic Review
Wang, M.-H., Cooper, R., & Green, D. (2023) · Pharmacy · doi:10.3390/pharmacy11060171 · Cited by 8
“Individuals with poor physical and/or mental health were more likely to be diagnosed as having insomnia [13].”
BackgroundCade, B. E., & Redline, S. S. (2023) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.11.002 · Cited by 6
Pham, N., Kim, T., Thayer, F. M., Nguyen, A. D., & Vu, T. N. (2019) · International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services · doi:10.1145/3307334.3328582 · Cited by 6
US Trends in Prevalence of Sleep Problems and Associations with Chronic Kidney Disease and Mortality
Shieu, M. M., Morgenstern, H., Bragg‐Gresham, J. L., Gillespie, B. W., Shamim-Uzzaman, Q. A., Tuot, D. S., Saydah, S., Rolka, D. B., Burrows, N. R., Powe, N. R., et al. (2020) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000862019 · Cited by 6
Palleschi, G. M., Gentili, A., Caproni, M., Giacomelli, A., FALCOS, D., & Fabbri, P. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 6
The Correlation Between Sleep and Coronary Heart Disease: A Review
Shi, Q., Gao, Y., Shi, Z., & Li, M. (2025) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/rcm37252 · Cited by 5
“Studies have found that the prevalence of insomnia ranges from 15% to 24%, with an increasing trend over time [42–44].”
Redefining insomnia: from neural dysregulation to personalized therapeutics
Arias-Carrión, Ó. (2025) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2025.2564709 · Cited by 5
Prather, A. A., Krystal, A. D., Emsley, R., Carl, J. R., Ball, T. M., Tarnai, K., Aguilera, A., Espie, C. A., & Henry, A. L. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/84323 · Cited by 8
“Insomnia disorder is common, affecting approximately 10%-20% of the general population [1].”
Perpetuating and protective factors in insomnia across racial/ethnic groups of veterans
Rubi, S., Monk, J. K., Shoemaker, S., Miller, C., Prabhu, N., Flores, L. Y., Bernard, D. L., McCrae, C. S., Borsari, B. E., & Miller, M. B. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.14063 · Cited by 5
“…both models due to age-and gender-related variations in insomnia and PTSD (given the small number of non-binary and “ other ” gender participants, we ran models both excluding and including these participants – results did not differ, so all were included; Ford et al., 2015; Marshall et al., 2009).”
ResultBidirectional associations between sleep and cannabis and alcohol (co‐)use in daily life
Wycoff, A. M., Miller, M. B., & Trull, T. J. (2024) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.15448 · Cited by 5
UK Medical Cannabis Registry: A clinical outcomes analysis for insomnia
Aggarwal, A., Erridge, S., Cowley, I., Evans, L., Varadpande, M., Clarke, E., McLachlan, K., Coomber, R., Rucker, J., Weatherall, M. W., et al. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000390 · Cited by 5
“The increasing prevalence of insomnia is a significant public health concern [16], emphasising the need for effective interventions.”
Effects of Depression, Anxiety, Quality of Sleep on Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in nursing students
Lee, E. (2019) · Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society · doi:10.5762/kais.2019.20.12.148 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Ford, E. S., Cunningham, T. J., Giles, W. H., & Croft, J. B.
- Affiliations
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ford, Earl S.
- ORCID
- Croft, Janet B.
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 372-378
- ISSN
- 1389-9457 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4763609
- OpenAlex
- W1970635510
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 35.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Keywords
- insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, prevalence trends, sleep disorders, adults, diabetes mellitus, joint pain, age differences, sex differences, racial and ethnic differences, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, hypertension, National Health Interview Survey
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Disorders of Excessive Somnolence, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Time Factors, United States, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Young Adult, Self Report
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