Cited by 224Pregnancy and preeclampsia studiesSleep and related disordersMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

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Maternal sleep during pregnancy and poor fetal outcomes: A scoping review of the literature with meta-analysis

Warland, Jane, Dorrian, Jillian, Morrison, Janna L., O'Brien, Louise M.·2018·Sleep Medicine Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.03.004

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Abstract

There is a wealth of evidence to say that sleep impacts maternal health during pregnancy, however, little has been published on fetal health and maternal sleep. This scoping review summarises current literature on maternal sleep including sleep disordered breathing, sleep quality, sleep duration and supine sleep position, as these relate to fetal outcomes specifically birth weight, growth, preterm birth and stillbirth. An overall interpretation of the studies evaluated shows that events occurring during maternal sleep such as obstructive sleep apnea, sleep disruption and sleep position may have a negative effect on the fetus resulting in altered growth, gestational length and even death. These effects are biologically and physically plausible. In conclusion, there is limited and often conflicting information on maternal sleep and fetal outcomes. However, existing evidence suggests that this is an important area for future research. This area is ripe for investigation if there is to be reduction in the physical, emotional, and financial burden of poor fetal outcomes related to maternal sleep.

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Background
Sleep during pregnancy: a systematic review of racial and ethnic disparities and associations to experiences of discrimination
Zhang, Z., Lee, J., Kiafar, A., Pennestri, M., & Lugo-Candelas, C. I. (2025) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2025.101688 · Cited by 1
Factors associated with poor sleep quality on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index among hospitalized Ghanaian obstetrical patients
Thiyagarajan, D. K., Sarfo, A., Swarray‐Deen, A., Sefogah, P. E., Lawrence, E. R., & Compton, S. D. (2025) · AJOG Global Reports · doi:10.1016/j.xagr.2025.100542 · Cited by 1
Association between mental health and sleep quality among Forcibly Displaced Rohingya pregnant women living in Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh: a cross-sectional observation
Elahi, M., Sanin, K. I., Rahman, S., Hiott, C., Ugarte, E., Ahamed, M. S., Hossain, M. M., Hossian, E., Mitu, S. R. I., Akhter, R. M., et al. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07561-1 · Cited by 1
“Sleep is a critical component of maternal health, as it supports the physical changes that occur during pregnancy and helps ensure healthy outcomes for both mother and baby [2].”
The Potential Functions and Beneficial Effects of Melatonin on Cognitive Impairment, Neuroinflammation, Blood–Brain Barrier Leakage, and Synaptic Dysfunction in the Offspring of Mice Exposed to Gestational Intermittent Hypoxia
Li, X., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Hu, F., Fang, S., Chen, G., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71321 · Cited by 1
“Factors such as obesity, fluid retention, and altered lung mechanics—specif ically reduced functional capacity and residual volumes—likely account for the growing incidence of OSA within this population (Warland et al. 2018 ).”
Maternal fragmented sleep in late pregnancy is associated with higher birthweight
Parttimaa, H., Paavonen, E. J., Perasto, L., Karlsson, H., Karlsson, L., & Polo‐Kantola, P. (2026) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2026.115196 · Cited by 1
Sleep in Pregnancy
O'Brien, L. M. (2022) · Respiratory medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93739-3_21 · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Complications of pregnancy and childbirth related to sleep disorders
Golyanovskiy, O. V., & Frolov, S. V. (2022) · UKRAINIAN JOURNAL HEALTH OF WOMAN · doi:10.15574/hw.2022.162.11 · Cited by 1
Association of Insomnia with 30-Day Postpartum Readmission: A Retrospective Analysis
Kendle, A. M., Swanson, J., Salemi, J. L., & Louis, J. M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20115955 · Cited by 1
Gestational Intermittent Hypoxia Enhances Mammary Stem Cells and Alters Tumor Phenotype in Adult Female Offspring
Joshi, J., Xiong, Y., Kuhn, M., Radcliff, A. B., Baker, T. L., Watters, J. J., & Arendt, L. M. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13030249 · Cited by 1
“While detrimental effects of sleep apnea during pregnancy on the mother and fetus have recently been identified [8], little is known about potential long-term consequences for the offspring.”
Background
Sleep duration, napping behaviors and restless legs syndrome during pregnancy and the trajectories of ultrasonographic measures of fetal growth: Findings from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies–Singletons
Na, M., Shetty, S., Niu, X. M., Hinkle, S. N., Zhang, C., & Gao, X. (2024) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2024.04.004 · Cited by 1
Women’s Sleep and Circadian Rhythms From Puberty to Menopausal Transition
Izci‐Balserak, B., & Lee, K. A. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197602751.013.29 · Cited by 1
Sleep Disorders in Pregnancy
Moretti, P., Menculini, G., & Gonfia, L. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.100300 · Cited by 2
Relación de las alteraciones del sueño con el desarrollo de diabetes mellitus gestacional.
Valencia‐Ortega, J., Acosta-Bustos, J., Guzmán-Medina, D. G., & Saucedo, R. (2022) · REVISTA BIOMÉDICA · doi:10.32776/revbiomed.v33i3.969 · Cited by 1
Assessment of Maternal Sleeping Habits and Knowledge among Pakistani Pregnant Women
Syed, T. P., Faheem, S., & Haque, A. B. (2022) · Indian Journal of Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10069-0102 · Cited by 1
Schilddrüse und Schwangerschaft – Update 2023
Benker, G., & Rösler, S. (2023) · Frauenheilkunde up2date · doi:10.1055/a-1710-8889 · Cited by 1
Sleep in multiple pregnancy: Obstructive sleep apnoea and beyond
Bin, Y. S., Ford, J. B., & Cistulli, P. A. (2019) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.12985 · Cited by 1
Evaluating causal associations of chronotype with pregnancy and perinatal outcomes and its interactions with insomnia and sleep duration: a Mendelian randomization studyPreprint
Yang, Q., Magnus, M. C., Kilpi, F., Santorelli, G., Soares, A. G., West, J., Magnus, P. M., Håberg, S. E., Tilling, K. M., Lawlor, D. A., et al. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.23290898 · Cited by 1
“Sleep traits, in particular insomnia and short/long sleep duration, have been found to associate with many of these outcomes in systematic reviews of observational studies using traditional multivariable regression analyses.(3,4) Mendelian randomization (MR) is less prone to confounding than observational studies, as…”
Background
Interventions in Pregnancy to Reduce Risk of Stillbirth
Heazell, A. E. P., & Flenady, V. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108564434.006
Sleep and pregnancy complications
Sever, O., & Tauman, R. (2019) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315201955-33
Rond de zwangerschap
van der Kleij, R. M., van der Windt, M., Steegers-Theunissen, R., & Roseboom, T. (2020) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2324-1_11
Quality of Sleep and Quality of Life during Pregnancy
Kim, K. T., Bae, H., Bae, J. G., & Cho, Y. W. (2020) · Journal of the Korean Neurological Association · doi:10.17340/jkna.2020.3.4 · Cited by 1
“임신 중 임산부는 수면시간이 짧을 뿐 아니라 수면 질도 나빠지는 경향을 보이는데, 많은 연구에서 임산부의 수면과 임신당뇨병,(5) 전자간증,(1) 제왕절개,(3) 그리고 낙태와 조산 위험의 연 관성을 보고하였다.(1,6-8)”
From the catbird seat: Football, baseball, and language
Kriegel, L. (1993) · The Sewanee review
Association of Sleep Characteristics and Night Shift Work with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional StudyPreprint
Shao, S., Zhao, H., Lu, Z., Lei, X., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1183742/v1
Rond de zwangerschap
van der Kleij, R., van der Windt, M., Steegers‐Theunissen, R. P. M., & Roseboom, T. J. (2022) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2761-4_12
Chronodisruption during Pregnancy Mediates the Relationship between Social Disadvantage and Reduced Brain Maturation in NeonatesPreprint
Hoyniak, C. P., Whalen, D. J., Luby, J. L., Barch, D. M., Miller, J. P., Zhao, P., Triplett, R. L., Ju, Y. S., Smyser, C. D., Warner, B. B., et al. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.10.22274915
The influence of maternal sleep disorders on fetal and neonatal outcome
O'Brien, L. M. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00370-4
Self-citation
The circadian rhythm and sleep disorders in pregnant women
Cazac-Stamati, D., Rotaru, L., Grosu, O., Odobescu, S., Lozovanu, S., Lupusor, A., & Stamati, I. (2022) · Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova Medical Sciences · doi:10.52692/1857-0011.2022.3-74.02
Early-to-mid pregnancy sleep and circadian markers in relation to birth outcomes: An epigenetics pilot study
Jansen, E. C., Zhang, K. P., Dolinoy, D. C., Burgess, H. J., O'Brien, L. M., Langen, E. S., Unwala, N., Ehlinger, J. V., Mulcahy, M. C., & Goodrich, J. M. (2023) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2023.2256854
“A positive association between pregnancy sleep duration and birthweight has been reported in a few other studies, although not consistently (Warland et al. 2018).”
Self-citation
Could sleep quality in pregnant women be related to developmental defects of enamel in children?
Maia, G. A., Belém, F. V., Lisboa, S. O., Assunção, C. M., Serra‐Negra, J. M., & Paschoal, M. A. B. (2023) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111249
Sleep quality and related predictors among women in the first trimester of pregnancy: A latent profile analysisPreprint
Liu, S., Tan, Y., Cai, S., Wang, L., & Qin, M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3929687/v1
Transformação digital na saúde materna: o uso de um dispositivo vestível e da inteligência artificial para a predição de desfechos da gravidez e parto
Barbosa-Júnior, F. (2024) · doi:10.11606/t.17.2024.tde-25072024-114708
The effect of bright light therapy on sleep in pregnant women with major depressive disorder– a randomized controlled trial
Zarchev, M. G., Bais, B., Meijer, J. S., Bijma, H. H., van der Zande, B. M. I., Luik, A. I., den Berg, M. P. L., & Kamperman, A. M. (2025) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-025-01573-2
“These problems do not only affect the health of the mother, but also that of their (unborn) child (Lyu et al. 2020; Hoyniak et al. 2024; Jiang et al. 2024; Zhong et al. 2018 ; Wang and Jin 2020 ; Warland et al. 2018).”
Using Machine Learning to Predict the Impact of Maternal Health on Infant Behavior and Sleep Quality
Jiang, Z. (2025) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-0092-2_25
Verbal Information From Parents About Stillbirth: The VIPS Study (Phase One)
Lo, A. G. L., Breen, L. J., Bradfield, Z., White, S. W., Criddle, S., Griffin, G., Berry, B. D., & Warland, J. (2025) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/ajo.70018
“…expert understanding of stillbirth risk factors by composing questions reflective of the current understanding of factors, such as the maternal going to sleep position [23], diet, activity and lifestyle choices such as avoiding certain foods and quitting smoking and alcohol while pregnant [24].”
Self-citation
Sleep practices and association between supine sleep position and stillbirth in a rural sample of pregnant women in Bangladesh
Harris, S. R., Billah, S. M., Islam, S., Rokonuzzaman, S., Alam, A., Azad, R., & Raynes‐Greenow, C. H. (2025) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2025.101934
The effect of maternal fatigue on the risk of fetal growth retardation
Fan, Z., Idowu, A. L., Sun, L., Cao, Z., & Zhang, F. (2025) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2025.106322
Prenatale zorg
de Jonge, A., Verhoeven, C. J. M., Jong, E. F., van Dillen, J., & Bakker, P. (2025) · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-3142-0_4

Authors: Warland, J., Dorrian, J., Morrison, J. L., & O'Brien, L. M.
Affiliations: University of South Australia (AU)
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Warland, Jane
ORCID: Warland, Jane
Dorrian, Jillian
Morrison, Janna L.
O'Brien, Louise M.
Venue: Sleep Medicine Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2018-10
Volume: 41
Pages: 197-219
ISSN: 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2018.03.004
OpenAlex: W2795097012
Semantic Scholar: 37c6431fcc314572f6cb399195c326b5d9c73f7a
Cited by: 224
References: 102
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 3.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
UniSA Research Outputs Repository (University of South Australia) (submittedVersion)
Funders: NHMRC Career Development Fellowship (APP1066916)
American Sleep Medicine Foundation (111-SR-15)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: maternal sleep, pregnancy, fetal outcomes, obstructive sleep apnea, sleep-disordered breathing, sleep quality, sleep duration, supine sleeping, birth weight, fetal growth, preterm birth, stillbirth, gestation length
MeSH terms: Female, Fetus, Humans, Mothers, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Sleep, Sleep Apnea Syndromes, Supine Position, Premature Birth, Stillbirth

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Maternal sleep during pregnancy and poor fetal outcomes: A scoping review of the literature with meta-analysis

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