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Cited by 4,404Sleep and related disordersSleep and Wakefulness ResearchSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

National Sleep Foundation's sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary.

Open access
Hirshkowitz, Max, Whiton, Kaitlyn, Albert, Steven M., Alessi, Cathy, Bruni, Oliviero, DonCarlos, Lydia, Hazen, Nancy, Herman, John +12 more·2015·Sleep Health
DOI 10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Consensus recommendations on sufficient sleep duration across the lifespan using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 1 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 58
    • May combine two claims. 5

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For healthy individuals with normal sleep, the appropriate sleep duration for infants is between 12 and 15 hours.

      “infants between 12 and 15 hours”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For newborns (0-3 months), less than 11 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Newborns 0-3 mo 14 to 17 11 to 13 18 to 19 Less than 11 More than 19”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For infants (4-11 months), 10 to 11 hours of sleep may be appropriate.

      “Infants 4-11 mo 12 to 15 10 to 11 16 to 18 Less than 10 More than 18”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

      Findingnone given

      For infants (4-11 months), 16 to 18 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Infants 4-11 mo 12 to 15 10 to 11 16 to 18 Less than 10 More than 18”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For infants (4-11 months), more than 18 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Infants 4-11 mo 12 to 15 10 to 11 16 to 18 Less than 10 More than 18”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Findingown data

      For toddlers (1-2 years), 9 to 10 hours of sleep may be appropriate.

      “Toddlers 1-2 y 11 to 14 9 to 10 15 to 16 Less than 9 More than 16”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For older adults (≥65 years), more than 9 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Older adults ≥65 y 7 to 8 5 to 6 9 Less than 5 More than 9”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For healthy individuals with normal sleep, the appropriate sleep duration for older adults is between 7 and 8 hours.

      “7 to 8 hours of sleep for older adults”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For teenagers (14-17 years), less than 7 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Teenagers 14-17 y 8 to 10 7 11 Less than 7 More than 11”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For healthy individuals with normal sleep, the appropriate sleep duration for school-aged children is between 9 and 11 hours.

      “school-aged children between 9 and 11 hours”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For preschoolers (3-5 years), more than 14 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Preschoolers 3-5 y 10 to 13 8 to 9 14 Less than 8 More than 14”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For young adults (18-25 years), less than 6 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Young adults 18-25 y 7 to 9 6 10 to 11 Less than 6 More than 11”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Findingown data

      For toddlers (1-2 years), 15 to 16 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Toddlers 1-2 y 11 to 14 9 to 10 15 to 16 Less than 9 More than 16”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For school-aged children (6-13 years), 7 to 8 hours of sleep may be appropriate.

      “School-aged children 6-13 y 9 to 11 7 to 8 12 Less than 7 More than 12”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For adults (26-64 years), 6 hours of sleep may be appropriate.

      “Adults 26-64 y 7 to 9 6 10 Less than 6 More than 10”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Findingnone given

      For young adults (18-25 years), 10 to 11 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Young adults 18-25 y 7 to 9 6 10 to 11 Less than 6 More than 11”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Findingown data

      For teenagers (14-17 years), 11 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Teenagers 14-17 y 8 to 10 7 11 Less than 7 More than 11”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For healthy individuals with normal sleep, the appropriate sleep duration for teenagers is between 8 and 10 hours.

      “For teenagers, 8 to 10 hours was considered appropriate”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For school-aged children (6-13 years), less than 7 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “School-aged children 6-13 y 9 to 11 7 to 8 12 Less than 7 More than 12”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For older adults (≥65 years), less than 5 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Older adults ≥65 y 7 to 8 5 to 6 9 Less than 5 More than 9”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For school-aged children (6-13 years), more than 12 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “School-aged children 6-13 y 9 to 11 7 to 8 12 Less than 7 More than 12”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For healthy individuals with normal sleep, the appropriate sleep duration for preschoolers is between 10 and 13 hours.

      “preschoolers between 10 and 13 hours”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For preschoolers (3-5 years), less than 8 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Preschoolers 3-5 y 10 to 13 8 to 9 14 Less than 8 More than 14”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For toddlers (1-2 years), less than 9 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Toddlers 1-2 y 11 to 14 9 to 10 15 to 16 Less than 9 More than 16”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Findingown data

      For adults (26-64 years), 10 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Adults 26-64 y 7 to 9 6 10 Less than 6 More than 10”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For young adults (18-25 years), 6 hours of sleep may be appropriate.

      “Young adults 18-25 y 7 to 9 6 10 to 11 Less than 6 More than 11”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For young adults (18-25 years), more than 11 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Young adults 18-25 y 7 to 9 6 10 to 11 Less than 6 More than 11”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For preschoolers (3-5 years), 8 to 9 hours of sleep may be appropriate.

      “Preschoolers 3-5 y 10 to 13 8 to 9 14 Less than 8 More than 14”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For newborns (0-3 months), 11 to 13 hours of sleep may be appropriate.

      “Newborns 0-3 mo 14 to 17 11 to 13 18 to 19 Less than 11 More than 19”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For teenagers (14-17 years), 7 hours of sleep may be appropriate.

      “Teenagers 14-17 y 8 to 10 7 11 Less than 7 More than 11”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingnone given

      For older adults (≥65 years), 5 to 6 hours of sleep may be appropriate.

      “Older adults ≥65 y 7 to 8 5 to 6 9 Less than 5 More than 9”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Findingown data

      For older adults (≥65 years), 9 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Older adults ≥65 y 7 to 8 5 to 6 9 Less than 5 More than 9”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Findingown data

      For newborns (0-3 months), more than 19 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Newborns 0-3 mo 14 to 17 11 to 13 18 to 19 Less than 11 More than 19”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Findingown data

      For newborns (0-3 months), 18 to 19 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Newborns 0-3 mo 14 to 17 11 to 13 18 to 19 Less than 11 More than 19”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Findingown data

      For school-aged children (6-13 years), 12 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “School-aged children 6-13 y 9 to 11 7 to 8 12 Less than 7 More than 12”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For adults (26-64 years), more than 10 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Adults 26-64 y 7 to 9 6 10 Less than 6 More than 10”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For adults (26-64 years), less than 6 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Adults 26-64 y 7 to 9 6 10 Less than 6 More than 10”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Findingown data

      For preschoolers (3-5 years), 14 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Preschoolers 3-5 y 10 to 13 8 to 9 14 Less than 8 More than 14”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For healthy individuals with normal sleep, the appropriate sleep duration for young adults and adults is between 7 and 9 hours.

      “7 to 9 hours for young adults and adults”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For healthy individuals with normal sleep, the appropriate sleep duration for toddlers is between 11 and 14 hours.

      “toddlers between 11 and 14 hours”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingnone given

      For teenagers (14-17 years), more than 11 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Teenagers 14-17 y 8 to 10 7 11 Less than 7 More than 11”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingnone given

      For healthy individuals with normal sleep, the appropriate sleep duration for newborns is between 14 and 17 hours.

      “The panel agreed that, for healthy individuals with normal sleep, the appropriate sleep duration for newborns is between 14 and 17 hours”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Findingown data

      For toddlers (1-2 years), more than 16 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Toddlers 1-2 y 11 to 14 9 to 10 15 to 16 Less than 9 More than 16”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Findingown data

      For infants (4-11 months), less than 10 hours of sleep is not recommended.

      “Infants 4-11 mo 12 to 15 10 to 11 16 to 18 Less than 10 More than 18”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Study design and conductnone given

      Panelists performed the first-round vote independently.

      “Panelists performed the firstround vote independently.”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

      Study design and conductnone given

      A research assistant performed data entry, and a supervisor checked entries to ensure accuracy and completeness.

      “A research assistant performed data entry, and a supervisor checked entries to ensure accuracy and completeness.”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Premisecitation

      The RAND appropriateness method is a well-recognized technique for systematically analyzing experts' interpretations of extant research.

      “The RAND appropriateness method is a well-recognized technique for systematically analyzing experts' interpretations of extant research.”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
      • cites [1] 1. Fitch K, Bernstein SJ, Aquilar MD, et al. The RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method user's manual. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation; 2001.

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

      Interpretationnone given

      The recommendations reported here represent guidelines for healthy individuals and those not suffering from a sleep disorder.

      “The recommendations reported here represent guidelines for healthy individuals and those not suffering from a sleep disorder.”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

      Interpretationnone given

      Sleep's restorative properties undoubtedly also depend on sleep quality, sleep architecture, and the timing of sleep within the day.

      “Sleep's restorative properties undoubtedly also depend on sleep quality, sleep architecture, and the timing of sleep within the day.”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Interpretationnone given

      Some individuals might sleep longer or shorter than the recommended times with no adverse effects.

      “Importantly, the panel emphasized that some individuals might sleep longer or shorter than the recommended times with no adverse effects.”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

      Interpretationnone given

      Individuals with sleep durations far outside the normal range may be engaging in volitional sleep restriction or have serious health problems.

      “However, individuals with sleep durations far outside the normal range may be engaging in volitional sleep restriction or have serious health problems.”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Interpretationreasoning

      These factors are more difficult to estimate from cohort studies that use self-reported data.

      “These factors, however, are more difficult to estimate from cohort studies that use self-reported data.”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

      Interpretationreasoning

      This data disparity is particularly important when interpreting laboratory-based findings.

      “This data disparity is particularly important when interpreting laboratory-based findings.”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
      • Rests on an assumption: Intervention studies using laboratory measured sleep time typically produce shorter sleep durations.

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

      Interpretationreasoning

      Sufficient sleep duration requirements vary across the lifespan and from person to person.

      “Sufficient sleep duration requirements vary across the lifespan and from person to person.”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Study design and conductown data

      A systematic literature review was conducted by a nonvoting, independent review team.

      “A systematic literature review was conducted by a nonvoting, independent review team led by John Herman, PhD, from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, with assistance from colleagues Chelsea Vaughn, PhD, and David Brown, PhD.”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Interpretationnone given

      An individual who intentionally restricts sleep over a prolonged period may be compromising his or her health and well-being.

      “An individual who intentionally restricts sleep over a prolonged period may be compromising his or her health and well-being.”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

    • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

      Study design and conductown data

      The systematic literature review used inclusion criteria of normal, nondisordered population; published in a peer-reviewed journal; human subjects; and English language.

      “Inclusion criteria were (a) normal, nondisordered population; (b) published in a peer-reviewed journal; (c) human subjects; and (d) English language.”
      Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

    • May combine two claims.

      Interpretationnone given

      Actual sleep time is typically less than time in bed, which biases data toward higher sleep duration estimates.

      “However, actual sleep time is typically less than time in bed, which biases data toward higher sleep duration estimates.”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
      • Rests on an assumption: Actual sleep time is typically less than time in bed.

    • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

      Study design and conductnone given

      A project team member followed up with panelists to resolve missing or discrepant scores.

      “A project team member followed up with panelists to resolve missing or discrepant scores.”
      Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    59 of 59

    • The paper relies on this without support.

      Actual sleep time is typically less than time in bed.

      “actual sleep time is typically less than time in bed”

    • The paper relies on this without support.

      Sleep is a vital part of physical, cognitive, and emotional health.

      “Sleep, like diet and exercise, is a vital part of physical, cognitive, and emotional health.”

    • The paper relies on this without support.

      The literature, especially cohort and population studies, often do not distinguish between time in bed and actual sleep time.

      “The literature, especially cohort and population studies, often do not distinguish between time in bed and actual sleep time.”

    • The paper relies on this without support.

      Intervention studies using laboratory measured sleep time typically produce shorter sleep durations.

      “intervention studies using laboratory measured sleep time will typically produce shorter sleep durations”
    4 of 4

    Claims other papers make about this one

    Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

    • Even if one conservatively assumes that the average increase in actual nightly sleep was 67 min relative to what was observed using wrist actigraphy, 62% of students in these samples were still getting less than 8 h of total nightly sleep.

      “Nonetheless, even if one conservatively assumes that the average increase in actual nightly sleep was 67 min relative to what we observed in our student samples using wrist actigraphy, it still means that 62% of students in these samples were still getting less than 8 h of total nightly sleep, the minimum recommendation for young adult nightly sleep (26).”

      From Nightly sleep duration predicts grade point average in the first year of college (2023) · cites this paper as [26]

      The citation is attached to the claim that 8 hours is the minimum recommendation for young adults. The Additional information table recommends 7–9 hours for young adults aged 18–25; 8 hours is the lower bound for teenagers aged 14–17. The 67-minute adjustment and 62% figure describe the citing authors’ own samples, not findings attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

    • Current sleep recommendations outline the need for healthy adults to achieve seven to nine h of sleep per night.

      “Current sleep recommendations outline the need for healthy adults to achieve seven to nine h of sleep per night [2].”

      From The effect of caffeine on subsequent sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2023) · cites this paper as [2]

    • The recommended total sleep for children aged 6- to 13-years-old is 9-11 hours.

      “The recommended total sleep for children aged 6- to 13-years-old is 9–11 hours, whereas the recommended sleep for adolescents aged 14–17 is approximately 8–10 hours.15”

      From Middle school start times and young adolescent sleep, behavioral health, and academic performance outcomes: a narrative review (2022) · cites this paper as [15]

    • The recommended sleep for adolescents aged 14-17 is approximately 8-10 hours.

      “The recommended total sleep for children aged 6- to 13-years-old is 9–11 hours, whereas the recommended sleep for adolescents aged 14–17 is approximately 8–10 hours.15”

      From Middle school start times and young adolescent sleep, behavioral health, and academic performance outcomes: a narrative review (2022) · cites this paper as [15]

    • Sleep medicine guidelines indicate that adolescents should get 8 to 10 h of nightly sleep.

      “Sleep medicine guidelines indicate that adolescents should be getting 8 to 10 h of nightly sleep (26), but first-year college students in the present samples slept on average 6 h and 37 min each night (SD = 51 min).”

      From Nightly sleep duration predicts grade point average in the first year of college (2023) · cites this paper as [26]

    Self-check

    Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

    • Three of 18 panelists is less than 20%

      Minor

      Three of 18 panelists is 16.7%, not more than 20%. At least four panelists would have to vote outside the specified range to meet the stated threshold.

      Reported 20 · recomputed 16.666667

    1 of 1

    Cites

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    Authors
    Hirshkowitz, M., Whiton, K., Albert, S. M., Alessi, C., Bruni, O., DonCarlos, L., Hazen, N., Herman, J., Katz, E. S., Kheirandish-Gozal, L., Neubauer, D. N., O’Donnell, A. E., Ohayon, M., Peever, J., Rawding, R., Sachdeva, R. C., Setters, B., Vitiello, M. V., Ware, J. C., & Adams Hillard, P. J.
    Affiliations
    • Baylor College of Medicine (US)
    • National Sleep Foundation (US)
    • University of Pittsburgh (US)
    • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
    • Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
    • Loyola University Chicago (US)
    • The University of Texas at Austin (US)
    • The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
    • Boston Children's Hospital (US)
    • Johns Hopkins University (US)
    • Georgetown University Medical Center (US)
    • Stanford Medicine (US)
    • University of Toronto (CA)
    • Gannon University (US)
    • American Academy of Pediatrics (US)
    • University of Louisville (US)
    • University of Washington (US)
    • Eastern Virginia Medical School (US)
    Corresponding author
    Whiton, Kaitlyn
    ORCID
    Venue
    Sleep Health
    Publisher
    Elsevier BV
    Published
    2015-03
    Volume
    1
    Issue
    1
    Pages
    40-43
    ISSN
    2352-7218 (ISSN-L)
    DOI
    10.1016/j.sleh.2014.12.010
    OpenAlex
    W2088948024
    Semantic Scholar
    4e3e4c046d6e7145de63397f3a9872f2506375b8
    Cited by
    4,404
    References
    3
    Citations by year
    2026: 396 · 2025: 539 · 2024: 506 · 2023: 502 · 2022: 539 · 2021: 497 · 2020: 392 · 2019: 352 · 2018: 283 · 2017: 184 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1
    FWCI
    338.65
    Type
    journal article
    Language
    en
    Open access
    Licence
    www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
    Locations
    • Sleep Health (publishedVersion)
    • PubMed (publishedVersion)
    • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
    Funders
    American Thoracic Society
    Topics
    • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
    • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
    • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
    Keywords
    RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method, sleep disorders

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    Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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