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Sleep and anxiety: From mechanisms to interventions
Abstract
Anxiety is the most common mental health problem worldwide. Epidemiological studies show that sleep disturbances, particularly insomnia, affect ∼50% of individuals with anxiety, and that insufficient sleep can instigate or further exacerbate it. This review outlines brain mechanisms underlying sleep and anxiety, by addressing recent human functional/structural imaging studies on brain networks underlying the anxiogenic impact of sleep loss, and the beneficial effect of sleep on these brain networks. We discuss recent developments from human molecular imaging studies that highlight the role of specific brain neurotransmitter mechanisms, such as the adenosinergic receptor system, on anxiety, arousal, and sleep. This review further discusses frontline sleep interventions aimed at enhancing sleep in individuals experiencing anxiety, such as nonbenzodiazepines/antidepressants, lifestyle and sleep interventions and cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Notwithstanding therapeutic success, up to ∼30% of individuals with anxiety can be nonresponsive to frontline treatments. Thus, we address novel non-invasive brain stimulation techniques that can enhance electroencephalographic slow waves, and might help alleviate sleep and anxiety symptoms. Collectively, these findings contribute to an emerging biological framework that elucidates the interrelationship between sleep and anxiety, and highlight the prospect of slow wave sleep as a potential therapeutic target for reducing anxiety.
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“Cognitive models of insomnia and emerging data linking circadian factors to affective dysregulation suggest how pre-sleep anxiety amplifies threat monitoring and hyperarousal, thereby delaying sleep initiation [3,4].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The condition is often accompanied by mental distress and physical tension, further compounding sleep difficulty [3].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Sleep onset anxiety, a heightened state of worry and cognitive arousal occurring during the transition to sleep, functions as a transdiagnostic symptom cluster that increases vulnerability to insomnia rather than constituting a standalone disorder [3].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Sleep onset anxiety commonly occurs with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [3].”
From Pre-Sleep Anxiety: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches in Clinical Practice. (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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“…de outros estudos apontam para a mesma direção, concluindo que a ansiedade frente à COVID-19 influenciou na dificuldade persistente em adormecer e em se manter dormindo durante a noite, diminuindo a qualidade do sono (Casagrande et al., 2020; Chellappa & Aeschbach, 2022; Wang et al., 2022).”
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Ceco, G., Koçyiğit, B., & Satıcı, S. A. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113198
Tell me who you sleep with, and I will tell you how good your sleep is
Suchecki, D. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102098
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Sleep Disorders in the Elderly
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Paudel, K., Gautam, K., Sharma, M., Wickersham, J. A., Sujan, M. S. H., Ha, T., Copenhaver, M. M., Adhikari, T. B., & Shrestha, R. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000042341
“[45,47,48] Atypical depression, characterized by greater prevalence in younger individuals, may explain this association observed in our study, where the mean age was 27.6 years.”
InfluentialSlow Wave Entrainment Using a Smartwatch: A Randomized Crossover StudyPreprint
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Job Insecurity and Insomnia Among Hospitality Employees in Pakistan: A Moderated Mediation StudyPreprint
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What’s insomnia like for most people who can’t sleep? You’d never know from the movies
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Association of cerebrospinal fluid FGF21 with sleep quality in Chinese adults
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“Its benefits extend to the cardiovascular system [ 3], mental health [4], cognition [5], and memory consolidation [6].”
CYP3A4-mediated Effects of Cranberry and Pomegranate Juices on Alprazolam Pharmacodynamics
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Treating Insomnia in Individuals with Comorbid Anxiety or Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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“34,35 Pain is recognized as the fifth vital sign.”
Predicting Anxiety Severity with Digital Ecological Momentary Assessment of Stress, Sleep, and Mood
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The relationship between subthreshold anxiety disorder and symptoms and signs of dry eye disease
Li, G., Sun, X., Dong, M., Zhao, G., Zhong, X., Shi, W., & Li, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-20500-0
Functional Foods and Mental Wellness
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“28 It is important to highlight that the treatment was not only aimed at complaints regarding sleep and/or emotional state, as the choice of the most appropriate homeopathic medicine for each individual case followed the Law of Similars, which is one of the laws that rule homeopathy, considering…”
Consequences of Disturbed Sleep and Sleep Hygiene Practices
Das, A., & Wasnik, R. R. (2025) · Indian Science Cruiser · doi:10.24906/isc/2024/v38/i2/48244
Metadata
- Authors
- Chellappa, S. L., & Aeschbach, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Cologne (DE)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Chellappa, Sarah L.
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-02
- Volume
- 61
- Pages
- 101583
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4200462974
- Cited by
- 509
- References
- 158
- Citations by year
- 2026: 111 · 2025: 170 · 2024: 135 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 21
- FWCI
- 9.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (publishedVersion)
- elib (German Aerospace Center) (acceptedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Alexander von Humboldt Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sleep, anxiety, insomnia, sleep deprivation, brain networks, arousal, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, antidepressants, lifestyle intervention, non-invasive brain stimulation, slow-wave sleep, sleep interventions
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Sleep, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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