Cited by 719Health disparities and outcomesPublic Health and Social InequalitiesAging, Health, and Disability

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Socioeconomic status and health: The role of subjective social status

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Demakakos, Panayotes, Nazroo, James, Breeze, Elizabeth, Marmot, Michael·2008·Social Science & Medicine

DOI 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.038PMC PMC2547480

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Abstract

Studies have suggested that subjective social status (SSS) is an important predictor of health. This study examined the link between SSS and health in old age and investigated whether SSS mediated the associations between objective indicators of socioeconomic status and health. It used cross-sectional data from the second wave (2004-2005) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, which were collected through personal interviews and nurse visits. The study population consisted of 3368 men and 4065 women aged 52 years or older. The outcome measures included: self-rated health, long-standing illness, depression, hypertension, diabetes, central obesity, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein. The main independent variable was SSS measured using a scale representing a 10-rung ladder. Wealth, education, and occupational class were employed as covariates along with age and marital status and also, in additional analyses, as the main independent variables. Gender-specific logistic and linear regression analyses were performed. In age-adjusted analyses SSS was related positively to almost all health outcomes. Many of these relationships remained significant after adjustment for covariates. In men, SSS was significantly (p<or=0.05) related to self-rated health, depression, and long-standing illness after adjustment for all covariates, while its association with fibrinogen became non-significant. In women, after adjusting for all covariates, SSS was significantly associated with self-rated health, depression, long-standing illness, diabetes, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but its associations with central obesity and C-reactive protein became non-significant. Further analysis suggested that SSS mediated fully or partially the associations between education, occupational class and self-reported and clinical health measures. On the contrary, SSS did not mediate wealth's associations with the outcome measures, except those with self-reported health measures. Our results suggest that SSS is an important correlate of health in old age, possibly because of its ability to epitomize life-time achievement and socioeconomic status.

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“…studies have also reported similar findings, supporting the notion that one’s perception of one’s socioeconomic status can moderate the relationship between one’s actual socioeconomic status and life satisfaction (Demakakos et al. 2008; Gong et al. 2012; Hoebel et al. 2017; Tan et al. 2020).”
Influential
Subjective social status among young working women in Sweden: how is it established and how does it affect health and well-being? A qualitative interview study
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“For example, SSS is associated with self-rated health [10, 12, 15, 20], musculoskeletal symptoms [10], allostatic load [21], sleep disturbances [10, 22], emotional exhaustion [10], depressive symptoms [10, 21], and psychological functioning [15, 22], even when controlling for the traditional…”
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“…that individual perceptions of societal conditions may offer a unique insight into psychological outcomes beyond what can be explained by objective measures alone, as demonstrated in research on economic situation or socioeconomic status (Demakakos et al., 2008; Hornsey, Pearson, et al., 2023).”
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“Third, unmea-sured confounders such as childhood SES, life-course adversity, and psychosocial stress may partly account for the observed associations [33].”
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“Health inequities are socially produced, avoidable, and closely linked to social determinants such as education, income, language, and social exclusion (20, 21, 67).”
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“Even though both objective and subjective SES have impacts on the well-being of older adults (Demakakos et al., 2008), subjective SES generally serves as a more sensitive predictor of health outcomes in later life (Singh-Manoux et al., 2005) and acts as a crucial mechanism in the relationship…”
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“The link between the economy, market and lifestyles is also expressed through the levels of cultural, social and economic inequity, which indeed contribute to determine them (Marmot and Wilkinson, 1999; Evans et al., 2001; Demakakos et al., 2008).”
Background
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“Recently, subjective perception of social class has been proposed by some to have a stronger influence on health than objective measures of social status (21-23).”
Background
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“Other pathways in which education plays a role in health include influences on employment opportunities, socioeconomic status, and social support (Bartley & Plewis, 2002; Berkman & Glass, 2000; Demakakos et al., 2008).”
Background
Importance of caregivers' subjective social status and neighbourhood disadvantage for adolescents with type 1 diabetes
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Authors: Demakakos, P., Nazroo, J., Breeze, E., & Marmot, M.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
University of Manchester (GB)
Corresponding author: Demakakos, Panayotes
ORCID: Demakakos, Panayotes
Nazroo, James
Breeze, Elizabeth
Marmot, Michael
Venue: Social Science & Medicine
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-07
Volume: 67
Issue: 2
Pages: 330-340
ISSN: 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.03.038
PMC: PMC2547480
OpenAlex: W2032784487
Cited by: 719
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 26.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Funders: British Heart Foundation (RG/07/008/23674)
Economic and Social Research Council (RES-000-23-0590)
National Institute on Aging (2R01AG7644-01A1, R01AG013196, R01AG017644)
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
Keywords: subjective social status, socioeconomic status, elderly health, self-rated health, depression, chronic disease, mediation, occupational class, wealth, gender differences, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, United Kingdom, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Social Class

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