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Socioeconomic status and health: The role of subjective social status
Open accessAbstract
Studies have suggested that subjective social status (SSS) is an important predictor of health. This study examined the link between SSS and health in old age and investigated whether SSS mediated the associations between objective indicators of socioeconomic status and health. It used cross-sectional data from the second wave (2004-2005) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, which were collected through personal interviews and nurse visits. The study population consisted of 3368 men and 4065 women aged 52 years or older. The outcome measures included: self-rated health, long-standing illness, depression, hypertension, diabetes, central obesity, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein. The main independent variable was SSS measured using a scale representing a 10-rung ladder. Wealth, education, and occupational class were employed as covariates along with age and marital status and also, in additional analyses, as the main independent variables. Gender-specific logistic and linear regression analyses were performed. In age-adjusted analyses SSS was related positively to almost all health outcomes. Many of these relationships remained significant after adjustment for covariates. In men, SSS was significantly (p<or=0.05) related to self-rated health, depression, and long-standing illness after adjustment for all covariates, while its association with fibrinogen became non-significant. In women, after adjusting for all covariates, SSS was significantly associated with self-rated health, depression, long-standing illness, diabetes, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but its associations with central obesity and C-reactive protein became non-significant. Further analysis suggested that SSS mediated fully or partially the associations between education, occupational class and self-reported and clinical health measures. On the contrary, SSS did not mediate wealth's associations with the outcome measures, except those with self-reported health measures. Our results suggest that SSS is an important correlate of health in old age, possibly because of its ability to epitomize life-time achievement and socioeconomic status.
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“According to social status research, when individuals are afforded positive status within their cultural institutions, institutions protect against stress and support health (Demakakos et al., 2008; Hatzenbuehler et al., 2013; Sapolsky, 2004). But when institutions relegate individuals into lower statuses, institutions generate stress and derail health (Adler, 2009; Sapolsky, 2004).”
From Cultural trauma as a fundamental cause of health disparities (2022) · cites this paper as Demakakos et al., 2008
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Metadata
- Authors
- Demakakos, P., Nazroo, J., Breeze, E., & Marmot, M.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Demakakos, Panayotes
- Venue
- Social Science & Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-07
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 330-340
- ISSN
- 0277-9536 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2547480
- OpenAlex
- W2032784487
- Cited by
- 719
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 52 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 26.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Social Science & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation (RG/07/008/23674)
- Economic and Social Research Council (RES-000-23-0590)
- National Institute on Aging (2R01AG7644-01A1, R01AG013196, R01AG017644)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- subjective social status, socioeconomic status, elderly health, self-rated health, depression, chronic disease, mediation, occupational class, wealth, gender differences, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, United Kingdom, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Social Class
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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