A disorder of anger and aggression: Children’s perspectives on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the UK

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The intimacy and support in UK communities reflects a problem of low social mobility within UK society and correspondingly low aspirations for social mobility among some young people.

“However, it also reflects a problem of low social mobility within UK society (Aldridge, 2003); and correspondingly low aspirations for social mobility among some young people (Nunn, Johnson, Monro, Bickerstaffe, & Kelsey, 2007).”

• cites Aldridge, 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Nunn et al., 2007Supported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

University attendance is not considered the natural next step after secondary school if parents do not have a network of university-educated peers.

“University attendance – which often generates both geographic and social mobility – is not considered the natural next step after secondary school if parents do not have a network of university-educated peers (Morris & Rutt, 2005).”

• cites Morris & Rutt, 2005Partly supported

  Section 4.2 reports that students with a degree-educated parent were more likely to intend to go to university, and section 5 links parental education with taking up a place. Neither section examines parents’ networks of university-educated peers or says that lacking such a network makes university seem an unnatural next step after secondary school. Section 4.2 also says parental education was not a significant factor in positive attitudes to higher education in the cohorts studied. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

The resulting group of diagnosed children represented behavioral difficulties across a spectrum of intensity and impairment, verifying clinical researchers' claims that ADHD is a heterogeneous and dimensional disorder.

“Still, the resulting group of diagnosed children represented behavioral difficulties across a spectrum of intensity and impairment, thus verifying many clinical researchers’ claims that ADHD is a heterogeneous and dimensional disorder.”

May combine two claims.

Children in the study report visits with grandparents and relatives regularly helping with childcare, which finds support in larger studies documenting a continuing active exchange of support within the extended UK family.

“We often hear about visits with grandparents and other relatives, or that relatives regularly help with childcare. Reports on family and community life from children in our study find support in larger studies, which document a continuing active exchange of support within the extended UK family”

• cites Charles, Davies, & Harris, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

From the perspective of the children interviewed, even larger village neighborhoods like Shaun's are still rather intimate geographic and social settings, with children more likely to be allowed to walk or bike the streets and have access to local parks, high streets and playgrounds.

“From the perspective of the children we interviewed, even larger village neighborhoods like Shaun’s are still rather intimate geographic and social settings. Children are more likely to be allowed to walk or bike the streets in order to get from one place to another; and they have access to local parks, high streets and playgrounds to hang out.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In a dominant ecological niche represented in the US sample, doing well is a primary preoccupation; this performance-focused niche is one in which children infrequently experience physical or verbal aggression from school peers or teachers, due in part to institutional prohibitions on such behaviors.

“As a point of comparison, doing well is a primary preoccupation in a dominant ecological niche represented in our US sample. This is a performance-focused niche in which children infrequently experience physical or verbal aggression from school peers or teachers, due in part to institutional prohibitions on such behaviors.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In a modal US school environment, where peer aggression is low but pressure to perform well in school is higher, difficulties with self-control were more likely to be expressed in the context of a 'performance' channel.

“In a modal US school environment, where peer aggression is low but pressure to perform well in school is higher, we found that difficulties with self-control were more likely to be expressed in the context of a ‘performance’ channel.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For children with ADHD diagnoses, shouted arguments with teachers are an everyday experience.

“For children with ADHD diagnoses, shouted arguments with teachers are an everyday experience:”

May combine two claims.

It is difficult for children to know the true diagnostic status of other children in the school, even though many children are forthcoming about their diagnoses with other children.

“It is difficult for children to know the true diagnostic status of other children in the school, even though many children are forthcoming about their diagnoses with other children.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Whether fights can be prevented depends most heavily on friendships and on what the bullies say.

“It depends on medication. It depends on mood. But it depends most heavily on friendships; and on what the bullies say.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

ADHD-adoption is when undiagnosed children spread the word that they have ADHD in order to build up their personal armament against harassment, thereby further instantiating the stereotype.

“ADHD-adoption is when undiagnosed children spread the word that they have ADHD in order to build up their personal armament against harassment, thereby further instantiating the stereotype.”

May combine two claims.

Being a girl does not protect against bullying involving physical aggression; several diagnosed girls in the UK have been severely bullied but are also aggressive.

“Being a girl does not protect against bullying involving physical aggression; indeed, several of the diagnosed girls we meet in the UK have been severely bullied but are also aggressive.”

May combine two claims.

Children are left largely to their own devices when encountering and resolving conflicts on the playground; there is little direct supervision by teachers while they are outside.

“Here children are left largely to their own devices when encountering and resolving conflicts; children tell us that there is little direct supervision by teachers while they are outside”

May combine two claims.

Children use ADHD diagnosis to help avoid fights and protect friends.

“we frequently hear that children use ADHD diagnosis to help avoid fights and protect friends:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In a different US ecological niche with scarce economic and familial resources and limited supports, children report higher levels of aggressive behavior and bullying among peers and in schools, and are more likely to experience their ADHD behaviors in the context of aggressive altercations.

“For example, in a different US ecological niche, where economic and familial resources are more scarce and there are limited supports in place for young people, children report higher levels of aggressive behavior and bullying among peers and in schools. Children in these niches are more likely to experience their ADHD behaviors in the context of aggressive altercations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Emotional self-control is highly valued in the UK.

“in part because emotional self-control is highly valued in the UK.”

May combine two claims.

Children report that school personnel tell other children to stay away from them because they have ADHD, and give lesser punishments to students with ADHD diagnoses.

“Children report that school personnel tell other children to stay away from them because they have ADHD, and they give lesser punishments to students with ADHD diagnoses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Children tell us that drug treatments work, at least in the earlier stages of treatment.

“Children tell us that drug treatments work, at least in the earlier stages of treatment.”

May combine two claims.

UK students inhabiting well resourced, highly educated niches are more likely to mention the importance of school performance when discussing their ADHD behaviors, but the small number interviewed from such niches also report regular incidents of bullying and some participation in aggressive altercations at school.

“Similarly, UK students inhabiting well resourced, highly educated niches are more likely to mention the importance of school performance when discussing their ADHD behaviors. However, the small number of students we interviewed from such niches also report regular incidents of bullying and some participation in aggressive altercations at school.”

May combine two claims.

Children with ADHD can mobilize self-control creatively to resolve playground conflicts without aggression and to protect friends.

“In this space, children with ADHD can mobilize self-control creatively to resolve playground conflicts without aggression, and to protect friends:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

There is a pervasive and apparently pernicious state school-based culture of aggression in the UK, as heard from children like Shaun.

“At least this is one way of understanding the pervasive and apparently pernicious presence of a state school-based culture of aggression we hear about from children like Shaun:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

US children in this niche tend to view ADHD in terms of academic performance, associate good behavior with good grades, and generally answer future-oriented questions in terms of their professional aspirations.

“These US children tend to view ADHD in terms of academic performance, associate good behavior with good grades, and they generally answer future-oriented questions in terms of their professional aspirations:”

May combine two claims.

From children's perspectives, many teachers and headmasters have categorical views about ADHD: either they believe the disorder is not real and make no allowances, or they believe it is real and excuse diagnosed children's aggressive behaviors but fail to enact effective educational supports.

“From children’s perspectives, many teachers and headmasters seem to have categorical views about ADHD: either they believe the disorder is not real and they make no allowances for a child with ADHD; or they believe it is real and excuse diagnosed children’s aggressive behaviors (but fail to enact effective educational supports for the child).”

May combine two claims.

Children have ambivalent feelings about ADHD exploitation: they are glad for the opportunity to get out of punishments, but they know this practice encourages the narrow, stigmatizing conflation of ADHD, anger, and aggression.

“Children have ambivalent feelings about the practice of ADHD exploitation: they are glad for the opportunity to get out of punishments, but they know this practice encourages the narrow, stigmatizing conflation of ADHD, anger, and aggression:”

May combine two claims.

Children like Salma, who are well behaved, feel ignored; diagnosed children feel overwhelmed with loud, aggressive negative attention and long for praise for good behavior.

“Children like Salma, who are well behaved, feel ignored. Diagnosed children feel overwhelmed with loud, aggressive negative attention; they too long for praise for good behavior.”

May combine two claims.

Among UK school children, 'anger' in relation to ADHD refers to a struggle with self-control in aggressive situations, not to an experience of feeling outraged in response to injustice.

“Among UK school children, ‘anger’ in relation to ADHD does not refer to an experience of feeling outraged in response to a real or imagined injustice. Instead, ‘anger’ refers to a struggle with self-control in aggressive situations.”

May combine two claims.

UK children with ADHD diagnoses commonly experience other children deliberately winding them up, and this is unique compared to US children.

“Children’s implicit understanding of the value of self-control is illustrated by a common, and unique (as compared to US children) experience among UK children with ADHD diagnoses: Other children go out of their way to ‘wind them up.’”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

UK children with ADHD diagnoses who share the key characteristics of Shaun's ecological niche worry less about doing well and more about behaving well.

“UK children with ADHD diagnoses, who share the key characteristics of Shaun’s ecological niche, worry less about doing well and more about behaving well.”

May combine two claims.

Children with a diagnosis of ADHD are especially likely to be drawn into aggressive altercations, more often as victims but also as victimizers.

“children with a diagnosis of ADHD are especially likely to be drawn into aggressive altercations, more often as victims but also as victimizers.”

May combine two claims.

Even boys who know they would end up on the worst end of a fight, or those who hate fighting, will fight when their mother is insulted, and hope their friends will come to their defense.

“Even boys who know they would end up on the worst end of a fight, or those who hate fighting, will fight under these circumstances, and hope that their friends will come to their defense.”

May combine two claims.

Almost all UK children say they have used ADHD as an excuse, whereas US children rarely admit to using ADHD as an excuse for their behavior.

“Unlike US children, who rarely admit to using ADHD as an excuse for their behavior (because they believe it is wrong, but also because niche dynamics strongly encourage them to keep their diagnosis a secret), almost all UK children say they have used ADHD as an excuse.”

May combine two claims.

Teachers who are present on the playground appear powerless or unwilling to interfere with bullying and aggression.

“teachers who are there appear powerless or unwilling to interfere with bullying and aggression:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

ADHD symptoms in the UK are an intensely somatic experience, uniquely compared to most US children.

“This interplay of individual behavioral dispositions and environmental factors may also explain why ADHD symptoms in the UK are such an intensely – and again uniquely, as compared to most US children – somatic experience.”

May combine two claims.

Bullying is widely reported by children in UK state schools, including fighting, name-calling, pushing, shoving, stealing and ridiculing, in person or on the internet (cyber-bullying).

“Bullying is widely reported to us by children in UK state schools. In our interviews bullying includes fighting, name-calling, pushing, shoving, stealing and ridiculing; it takes place in person or on the internet (cyber-bullying).”

May combine two claims.

These relational obligations can motivate behavioral self-control: children report making a priori decisions to fight when morally obliged, and they report mobilizing their ADHD to avoid fighting in conflict situations.

“Indeed, these obligations can motivate behavioral self-control: children report making a priori decisions to fight when morally obliged, and they report mobilizing their ADHD to avoid fighting in conflict situations.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Children's behavioral development must be seen as a fundamentally situated and relational process in which there is an ongoing and mutual process of shaping and transformation between child actors and their immediate and proximal social and physical spaces.

“The model suggests that children’s behavioral development must be seen as a fundamentally situated and relational process in which there is an ongoing and mutual process of shaping and of transformation between child actors and their immediate and proximal social and physical spaces.”

• cites Bronfenbrenner, 1979 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Diagnosed children were recruited through clinics and physicians to achieve a group whose diagnoses were of a high standard, possibly higher than in a non-clinically recruited cohort.

“We recruited children through clinics and physicians because we wanted to achieve a group of diagnosed children whose diagnoses were of a high standard – quite possibly higher than in a non-clinically recruited cohort.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Shaun represents a dominant ecological niche rather than a dominant type of individual child, and individual demographic variables do not define the niche.

“Shaun represents a dominant ecological niche rather than a dominant type of individual child, and individual demographic variables do not define the niche.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The relative lack of academic aspiration and social movement within Shaun's ecological niche means that longstanding social patterns are more difficult to shift, even if they are not encouraging individual and social flourishing.

“The relative lack of academic aspiration, combined with the relative lack of social movement within Shaun’s ecological niche, means that longstanding social patterns are more difficult to shift, even if they are not encouraging individual and social flourishing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Ethics approvals were obtained in the UK through the NHS Clinical Research Ethics Committee and in the US through relevant university IRBs.

“Ethics approvals were obtained in the UK through the NHS Clinical Research Ethics Committee and in the US through relevant university IRBs (Institutional Review Boards).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Children in the VOICES study were matched broadly by age, gender and socio-economic status within and across national cohorts, but matches were not obtained for all girls due to difficulties identifying and recruiting UK girls.

“We matched children broadly by age, gender and socio-economic status (measured using the Hollingshead 2-factor index of social position (Hollingshead, 1957)) within and across national cohorts, but we were unable to obtain matches for all the girls in the study, due to difficulties identifying and recruiting UK girls into the study.”

• cites Hollingshead, 1957Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Interviewers received training and were observed conducting at least two early interviews to ensure comprehensive understanding of the tasks and questions.

“Interviewers received training and were observed conducting at least two early interviews in order to ensure that they had a comprehensive understanding of the tasks and questions outlined in the semi-structured questionnaire.”

May combine two claims.

Sociology and bioethics literature on ADHD frequently misrepresents the phenomenological ground of ADHD and brackets discussion of its biological dimensions.

“However, they frequently misrepresent the phenomenological ground of ADHD, and bracket discussion of its biological dimensions.”

• cites Hacking, 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Horwitz, 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Rose, 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

There is little attention in the sociological literature on ADHD to ADHD as a lived experience in local contexts, or to how interactions between individual biology and environmental inputs shape symptomatic behaviors and intervention success.

“There is little attention to ADHD as a lived experience in local contexts, or consideration of how interactions between individual biology and particular environmental inputs might give shape and meaning to symptomatic behaviors, and to the success of interventions.”

• cites Graham, 2008 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Johannesson, 2006 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Maturo, 2009 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Four different female interviewers conducted the interviews, diversifying researcher-participant dynamics and contributing to the reliability of findings.

“In all, four different female interviewers conducted the interviews in this study, thus diversifying the researcher-participant dynamics and contributing to the reliability of findings.”

May combine two claims.

Self-control is the key behavioral node in ADHD diagnosis and is arguably a central mechanism of moral capacity and essential to moral agency.

“Self-control, which is the key behavioral node in ADHD diagnosis (Barkley, 1997), is arguably also a central mechanism of moral capacity, and essential to moral agency.”

• cites Barkley, 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Family, neighborhood and broader social dynamics are equally important to understanding an ecological niche.

“Family, neighborhood and broader social dynamics are equally important to understanding an ecological niche.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Most sociological and bioethics literature on ADHD diagnosis silences children, as children's experiences and voices hardly ever enter the frame.

“Most of the sociological and bioethics literature on ADHD diagnosis paradoxically silences children, even while arguing for their liberty, because children’s experiences and voices hardly ever enter the frame.”

May combine two claims.

A coding frame was drawn up earlier and discussed in a team of 3 other coders who each coded the same 6 transcripts independently, allowing verification and differentiation of codes through group discussion and resulting in a coding frame with high standards of agreement and transparency.

“A coding frame had been drawn up earlier, and discussed in a team of 3 other coders (none of whom had conducted interviews in the study) who each coded the same 6 transcripts independently. This process allowed for the verification and differentiation of codes through group discussion, and resulted in a coding frame that achieved high standards of agreement and transparency (Miles & Huberman, 1994”

• cites Miles & Huberman, 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Recently, a conceptually coordinated series of UK policy reports has framed ADHD specifically as a deficit in 'self-regulation skills' and as a threat to national prosperity.

“Recently, a conceptually coordinated series of UK policy reports has framed ADHD specifically as a deficit in ‘self-regulation skills’ and as a threat to national prosperity:”

• cites Foresight Report on Mental Capital & Wellbeing, 2009:101Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Among UK school children, friendships help children make a mental space for moral deliberation, discover their moral and behavioral boundaries, and establish a framework for social justice.

“among UK school children, friendships help children make a mental space for moral deliberation, discover their moral and behavioral boundaries, and establish a framework for social justice.”

May combine two claims.

Playing up the stigma of ADHD diagnosis is a double-edged sword: prosocial use is a positive form of agency; selfish use diminishes agency.

“Playing up the stigma of ADHD diagnosis is a double-edged sword: when used for prosocial ends it is a positive form of agency; when used for selfish ends, it ultimately diminishes agency.”

May combine two claims.

When a child 'goes into his ADHD' he consciously inhabits the label and mobilizes the behavioral and social resources of the diagnosis.

“When a child ‘goes into his ADHD’ he consciously inhabits the label and mobilizes the behavioral and the social resources of the diagnosis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Treatment adherence and effectiveness would be amplified if physicians were given more resources and incentives to facilitate relevant environmental adjustments by working with families and schools.

“But treatment adherence and effectiveness would surely be amplified if physicians were given more resources and incentives to also facilitate relevant environmental adjustments by working, in the UK example, with families and schools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The 2003 Tackling Bullying Report found no significant gender difference in frequency of bullying, but higher reports of psychological bullying among girls.

“The survey found no significant differences between male and female students in terms of frequency of bullying, although it found that reports of psychological bullying were higher among girls (Oliver & Candappa, 2003).”

• cites Oliver & Candappa, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In a US population study, ADHD symptoms were associated with an increased risk of obesity.

“In a US population study, ADHD symptoms were associated with an increased risk of obesity (Fuemmeler et al, 2010).”

• cites Fuemmeler et al, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Exploiting ADHD fuels the short fuse stereotype and may encourage ADHD-adoption.

“Exploiting ADHD fuels the short fuse stereotype, and may encourage a rather remarkable social phenomenon we encountered several times at particularly ‘hard’ schools -- ADHD-adoption:”

May combine two claims.

A child's difficulty with behavioral self-control finds its expression in, is shaped by, and gives shape to, a normative behavioral channel.

“A child’s difficulty with behavioral self-control finds its expression in, is shaped by, and gives shape to, a normative behavioral channel.”

May combine two claims.

Mobilizing ADHD in a prosocial way fosters bonds between children who then watch out for each other.

“Mobilizing ADHD in this way is prosocial; it fosters bonds between children who then ‘have each other’s backs’; they watch out for each other.”

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Friendships are a primary motivation and a primary vehicle for modulating children's capacity for self-control.

“Those bonds are a primary motivation, and a primary vehicle, for modulating their capacity for self-control:”

May combine two claims.

Such pretense means that teachers' suspicions about the validity of ADHD diagnoses have traction, given that ADHD is actually being used as an excuse by children who do not have a diagnosis.

“Such pretense also means that teachers’ suspicions about the validity of ADHD diagnoses have traction, given that ADHD is actually being used as an excuse by children who do not have a diagnosis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The 2003 Tackling Bullying Report found that 51% of Year 5 students and 28% of Year 8 students experience bullying during a school term.

“The Tackling Bullying Report, which in 2003 surveyed just over 1000 students, found that 51% of Year 5 students (ages 9–10) and 28% of Year 8 students (ages 12–13) experience bullying during a school term.”

• cites Oliver & Candappa, 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tools such as ADHD diagnosis are not hegemonic over identity or somatic experience.

“Such conscious habitation of the ADHD label by children tells us that tools such as ADHD diagnosis, developed to help manage and make sense of unruly and unproductive biology, are not hegemonic over identity or, indeed, over somatic experience.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

In the UK state school environment, one of these channels is aggression, which can intensify symptomatic behaviors and can inspire behaviors in diagnosed children that inflame the environment.

“In the UK state school environment, one of these channels is aggression, which can intensify symptomatic behaviors and can inspire behaviors in diagnosed children that inflame the environment.”

May combine two claims.

In the process of ADHD-adoption, 'real' ADHD is increasingly diluted in meaning and value, while the short fuse stereotype is empowered.

“In the process, ‘real’ ADHD is increasingly diluted in meaning and in value, while the short fuse stereotype is empowered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

A child-focused model of ADHD often closes off environmental avenues of intervention and implies a causal logic that propels a series of psychotropic drug treatments.

“A child-focused model of ADHD often closes off environmental avenues of intervention and implies a causal logic that propels a series of psychotropic drug treatments.”

May combine two claims.

Among UK children occupying a dominant ecological niche, ADHD is a significantly impairing, highly somatized difficulty with self-control in the context of an actively hostile environment, not just a cognitive problem of focus and attention.

“Among UK children occupying a dominant ecological niche, ADHD is not just a cognitive problem of focus and attention, it is a significantly impairing, highly somatized difficulty with self-control in the context of an actively hostile environment.”

May combine two claims.

In such classrooms, ADHD behaviors become part of an ongoing struggle between students and teachers over appropriate behaviors, with students alleging that teachers behave in ways that are disrespectful, aggressive, and out of control, leaving them little incentive to manage their own behaviors.

“In such classrooms, ADHD behaviors become part of an ongoing struggle between students and teachers over appropriate behaviors, with students alleging that teachers behave in ways that are disrespectful, aggressive, and out of control, leaving them little incentive to manage their own behaviors.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The cultural relativity of behavioral interpretation does not necessarily invalidate ADHD diagnosis.

“But this does not necessarily invalidate ADHD diagnosis”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: Behavioral interpretation is to some extent culturally relative and diagnostic practices index social values.

May combine two claims.

Environment plays a critical role in shaping children's behavioral capacities, and children's behaviors in turn shape the environment.

“Clearly environment plays a critical role in shaping children’s behavioral capacities – and children’s behaviors in turn shape the environment.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Identifying these channels in the model illuminates the embodied nature of symptomatic behaviors and suggests why a difficulty with self-control can look behaviorally and feel quite different across different contexts.

“Identifying these channels in the model illuminates the embodied nature of symptomatic behaviors themselves and suggests why a difficulty with self-control can look behaviorally (and feel) quite different across different contexts.”

May combine two claims.

The cultural pattern of bullying and aggression in UK state schools provides a social channel for expression of a child's difficulties with self-control, such that ADHD is widely known by its colloquial definition 'anger' in the UK.

“A cultural pattern of bullying and aggression in UK state schools (Cawson, Wattam, Brooker, & Kelly, 2000) provides a social channel for expression of a child’s difficulties with self-control, such that ADHD is widely known by its colloquial definition: ‘anger.’”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The school-based culture of aggression is arguably a generative, and surely a sustaining, ground for UK-style ADHD: a disorder of anger and aggression.

“policy-makers should work to dismantle the school-based culture of aggression that is arguably a generative, and surely a sustaining ground for UK-style ADHD: a disorder of anger and aggression.”

May combine two claims.

For many UK children, self-regulation is not only a cognitive skill but also a moral behavior; and a child's cognitive and behavioral capabilities, and thereby his moral potential, are intimately linked to relational obligations.

“As this article has shown, for many UK children self-regulation is not only a cognitive skill but also a moral behavior; and a child’s cognitive and behavioral capabilities – and thereby his moral potential - are intimately linked to relational obligations.”

May combine two claims.

These UK policy reports focus on 'character' building as a necessary component of interventions, painting a picture of a generation of alienated, unmotivated and anti-social youth.

“Painting a picture of a generation of alienated, unmotivated and anti-social youth, these UK policy reports focus on ‘character’ building as a necessary component of interventions.”

• cites Lexmond & Reeves:2009:12Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Character development is seen in these reports as part of the science of cognitive development, and not a moral issue.

“Character development is seen as part of the science of cognitive development, and not a moral issue: ‘character represents a set of life skills rather than a moral disposition’.”

• cites Lexmond & Reeves:2009:12Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

The tools of social science in general, and of sociology in particular, can help to develop complex models of psychiatric diagnosis that deepen scientific and public understanding and promote relevant, dynamic and effective interventions.

“The tools of social science in general, and of sociology in particular, can help to develop complex models of psychiatric diagnosis that deepen scientific and public understanding and promote relevant, dynamic and effective interventions.”