The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Segregation by race and income in the United States 1970–2010
Abstract
A systematic analysis of residential segregation and spatial interaction by income reveals that as income rises, minority access to integrated neighborhoods, higher levels of interaction with whites, and more affluent neighbors also increase. However, the income payoffs are much lower for African Americans than other groups, especially Asians. Although Hispanics and Asians have always displayed declining levels of minority-white dissimilarity and rising levels of minority-white interaction with rising income, income differentials on these outcomes for blacks did not appear until 1990 and since then have improved at a very slow pace. Given their higher overall levels of segregation and income’s limited effect on residential attainment, African Americans experience less integration, more neighborhood poverty at all levels of income compared to other minority groups. The degree of black spatial disadvantage is especially acute in the nation’s 21 hypersegregated metropolitan areas.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“In the United States, for example residential segregation is strongly associated with a 9%–14% lower probability of survival from age 35–75 among Blacks than Whites, a particularly grim statistic given the hyper‐segregated nature of at least 20 US cities (Intrator et al., 2016; Popescu et al., 2018).”
From On race, human variation, and who gets and dies of sepsis (2022) · cites this paper as Intrator et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass.
Fernandez, R. M., Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074502 · Cited by 6,191
Self-citationThe Dimensions of Residential Segregation
Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (1988) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/67.2.281 · Cited by 3,638
Self-citationToward a Theory of Minority-Group Relations
Davies, I., & Blalock, H. M. (1967) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/588680 · Cited by 2,958
Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure
Blau, P. M. (1977) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,792
Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place
LOGAN, J. R., & Molotch, H. L. (1987) · University of Michigan Library Repository · Cited by 2,648
Introduction to the Science of Sociology
Gault, R. H., Park, R. E., & Burgess, E. W. (1922) · Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology · doi:10.2307/1133512 · Cited by 2,514
Remaking the American mainstream: assimilation and contemporary immigration
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-3746 · Cited by 2,459
Chetty, R., Hendren, N., & Katz, L. F. (2016) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20150572 · Cited by 2,315
American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass
Massey, D. S., & Denton, N. A. (2018) · Inequality in the 21st Century · doi:10.4324/9780429499821-27 · Cited by 1,741
Self-citationGreat American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-1187 · Cited by 1,430
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Denton, 1988, Residential segregation of blacks, Hispanics, and Asians by socioeconomic status and generation, Soc. Sci. Q., 69, 797
Cited by
Racial Disparities in ICU Outcomes: A Systematic Review*
McGowan, S. K., Sarigiannis, K. A., Fox, S. C., Gottlieb, M. A., & Chen, E. (2022) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000005269 · Cited by 108
Carter, S. E., Gibbons, F. X., & Beach, S. R. H. (2021) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579421001073 · Cited by 47
On race, human variation, and who gets and dies of sepsis
Brinkworth, J. F., & Shaw, J. G. (2022) · American Journal of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.24527 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Intrator, J., Tannen, J., & Massey, D. S.
- Venue
- Social Science Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 60
- Pages
- 45-60
- ISSN
- 0049-089X
- PMC
- PMC5117629
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 67
- Language
- en
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Segregation by race and income in the United States 1970–2010. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.08.003
- The paper
- Intrator, J., Tannen, J., & Massey, D. S. (2016). Segregation by race and income in the United States 1970–2010. Social Science Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.08.003
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.