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Cited by 226Estrogen and related hormone effectsReproductive Health and ContraceptionAdrenal Hormones and Disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 37 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

All progestins are not created equal

Stanczyk, Frank Z·2003·Steroids
DOI 10.1016/j.steroids.2003.08.003
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Abstract

A variety of progestins are available for therapeutic use. It is convenient to classify them into those related in chemical structure to progesterone or testosterone. Progestins related to progesterone can be subdivided into pregnanes and 19-norpregnanes, whereas those related to testosterone can be subdivided into those with and without a 17-ethinyl group. 17-Ethinylated progestins consist of the families of norethindrone (estranes) and levonorgestrel (13-ethylgonanes). Progestins administered orally undergo extensive hepatic first pass metabolism primarily by reduction and conjugation, and in most instances, relatively high progestin doses are required for therapeutic use. There are limited reliable data on the pharmacokinetics of most progestins. Some progestins are prodrugs, requiring transformation prior to exhibiting progestational activity. Qualitative and quantitative tests utilizing either human or animal species have been used to establish progestin potency. However, profound differences in progestational activity are often observed between human and animal tissues. Also, there is a misconception about androgenicity of progestins due largely to extrapolation of data from rat studies to the human. Progestins differ widely in their chemical structures, structure-function relationships, metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and potencies; they are not created equal.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.steroids.2003.08.003

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Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Stanczyk, 1989, Pharmacokinetics of progestogens, Int. Proc. J., 1, 11
  2. Stanczyk, 1996, Introduction: structure–function relationships, metabolism, pharmacokinetics and potency of progestins, Drugs Today, 32, 1
  3. Kuhnz, 1993, Systemic availability of levonorgestrel after single oral administration of a norgestimate-containing oral contraceptive to 12 women, Contraception, 47, 283
  4. Oettel, 1995, A 19-norprogestin without a 17α-ethinyl group. I. Dienogest from a pharmacokinetic point of view, Drugs Today, 31, 499
  5. Teichman AT. Levonorgestrel, vol. 43. Stuart-George Thieme Verlag; 1990.

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Metadata

Authors
Stanczyk, F. Z.
Affiliations
University of Southern California (US)
Corresponding author
Stanczyk, Frank Z
ORCID
Stanczyk, Frank Z
Venue
Steroids
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2003-11
Volume
68
Issue
10-13
Pages
879-890
ISSN
0039-128X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.steroids.2003.08.003
OpenAlex
W2037043326
Cited by
226
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 8
FWCI
2.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Steroids (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
Keywords
progestins, progesterone derivatives, testosterone derivatives, pregnane derivatives, norethisterone, levonorgestrel, hepatic first-pass metabolism, prodrugs, structure-function relationship, androgenic activity, pharmacokinetics
MeSH terms
Animals, Female, Humans, Liver, Models, Chemical, Norethindrone, Pregnanes, Progestins, Structure-Activity Relationship, Time Factors, Levonorgestrel, Rats

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