The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Feminizing genital gender-confirmation surgery.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: For many patients with gender dysphoria, gender-confirmation surgery (GCS) helps align their physical characteristics with their gender identity and is a fundamental element of comprehensive treatment. This article is the 2nd in a 3-part series about the treatment of gender dysphoria. Non-operative management was covered in part 1. This section begins broadly by reviewing surgical eligibility criteria, benefits of GCS, and factors associated with regret for transgender men and women. Then, the scope narrows to focus on aspects of feminizing genital GCS, including a discussion of vaginoplasty techniques, complications, and sexual function outcomes. Part 3 features operative considerations for masculinizing genital GCS. AIM: To summarize the World Professional Association for Transgender Health's (WPATH) surgical eligibility criteria and describe how patients with gender dysphoria benefit from GCS, provide an overview of genital and non-genital feminizing gender-confirmation procedures, and review vaginoplasty techniques, preoperative considerations, complications, and outcomes. METHODS: A review of relevant literature through April 2017 was performed using PubMed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Review of literature related to surgical eligibility criteria for GCS, benefits of GCS, and surgical considerations for feminizing genitoplasty. RESULTS: Most transgender men and women who satisfy WPATH eligibility criteria experience improved quality of life, overall happiness, and sexual function after GCS; regret is rare. Penile inversion vaginoplasty is the preferred technique for feminizing genital GCS according to most surgeons, including the authors whose surgical technique is described. Intestinal vaginoplasty is reserved for certain scenarios. After vaginoplasty most patients report overall high satisfaction with their sexual function even when complications occur, because most are minor and easily treatable. CONCLUSION: GCS alleviates gender dysphoria for appropriately selected transgender men and women. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative considerations of feminizing genital gender-confirmation procedures were reviewed. Hadj-Moussa M, Ohl DA, Kuzon WM. Feminizing Genital Gender-Confirmation Surgery. Sex Med Rev 2018;6:457-468.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The majority of vaginoplasty surgeries conducted in the United States use penile and scrotal tissue to create the neovagina.
“The majority of vaginoplasty surgeries conducted in the United States use penile and scrotal tissue to create the neovagina (351).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [351]
Citations
Cites
Rosen, C. B. (2000) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/009262300278597 · Cited by 6,593
Coleman, E., Bockting, W. O., Botzer, M., Cohen‐Kettenis, P. T., Cuypere, G. D., Feldman, J., Fraser, L., Green, J., Knudson, G., Meyer, W. J., et al. (2012) · International Journal of Transgenderism · doi:10.1080/15532739.2011.700873 · Cited by 3,273
Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery
Bratzler, D. W., Dellinger, E. P., Olsen, K. M., Perl, T. M., Auwaerter, P. G., Bolon, M. K., Fish, D. N., Napolitano, L. M., Sawyer, R. G., Slain, D., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy · doi:10.2146/ajhp120568 · Cited by 2,600
The female sexual function index (FSFI): cross-validation and development of clinical cutoff scores
WIEGEL, M., MESTON, C., & ROSEN, R. (2005) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/00926230590475206 · Cited by 2,396
Young Adult Psychological Outcome After Puberty Suppression and Gender Reassignment
de Vries, A. L. C., McGuire, J. K., Steensma, T. D., Wagenaar, E. C. F., DORELEIJERS, T. A. H., & Cohen‐Kettenis, P. T. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2013-2958 · Cited by 931
Sexual and Physical Health After Sex Reassignment Surgery
Cuypere, G. D., T'Sjoen, G. G., Beerten, R., Selvaggi, G., Sutter, P. D., Hoebeke, P. B., Monstrey, S., Vansteenwegen, A., & Rubens, R. (2005) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-005-7926-5 · Cited by 367
Factors Associated with Satisfaction or Regret Following Male-to-Female Sex Reassignment Surgery
Lawrence, A. A. (2003) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1024086814364 · Cited by 283
Gender reassignment surgery: an overview
Selvaggi, G., & Bellringer, J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/nrurol.2011.46 · Cited by 231
Gooren, L. J. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1008161 · Cited by 228
Outcome of Vaginoplasty in Male-to-Female Transgenders: A Systematic Review of Surgical Techniques
Leclère, F. M., Casoli, V., & Weigert, R. (2015) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12915 · Cited by 208
Surgical Outcome after Penile Inversion Vaginoplasty: A Retrospective Study of 475 Transgender Women
Buncamper, M. E., van der Sluis, W. B., van der Pas, R. S. D., et al. (2016) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000002684 · Cited by 207
Bouman, M., van Zeijl, M. C. T., Buncamper, M. E., Meijerink, W. J. H. J., Bodegraven, A. A. V., & Mullender, M. G. (2014) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12538 · Cited by 187
Patient-Reported Complications and Functional Outcomes of Male-to-Female Sex Reassignment Surgery
Lawrence, A. A. (2006) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-006-9104-9 · Cited by 176
Selvaggi, G., Ceulemans, P., Cuypere, G. D., VanLanduyt, K., Blondeel, P. N., Hamdi, M., Bowman, C. C., & Monstrey, S. (2005) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/01.prs.0000185999.71439.06 · Cited by 176
Vaginoplasty in male transsexuals using penile skin and a urethral flap
PEROVIC, S. V., Stanojevic, D. S., & Djordjevic, M. L. (2000) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1046/j.1464-410x.2000.00934.x · Cited by 172
Feminizing genitoplasty in adult transsexuals: early and long‐term surgical results
Goddard, J. C., Vickery, R. M., Qureshi, A., et al. (2007) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07017.x · Cited by 148
Gender reassignment surgery - a 13 year review of surgical outcomes
Neto, R. R., Hintz, F., Krege, S., et al. (2012) · International braz j urol · doi:10.1590/s1677-55382012000100014 · Cited by 148
Impact of Sex Reassignment Surgery on Lower Urinary Tract Function
Hoebeke, P. B., Selvaggi, G., Ceulemans, P., et al. (2004) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2004.10.008 · Cited by 147
Factors predictive of regret in sex reassignment
Landén, M., Wålinder, J., Hambert, G., & Lundström, B. (1998) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10001.x · Cited by 147
Bouman, M., van der Sluis, W. B., Hamstra, L. V. W., Buncamper, M. E., Kreukels, B. P. C., Meijerink, W. J. H. J., & Mullender, M. G. (2016) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.06.009 · Cited by 133
Buncamper, M. E., Honselaar, J. S., Bouman, M., Özer, M., Kreukels, B. P. C., & Mullender, M. G. (2015) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12914 · Cited by 125
An Update on the Surgical Treatment for Transgender Patients
Colebunders, B., Brondeel, S., D’Arpa, S., et al. (2016) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2016.08.001 · Cited by 115
Satisfaction With Male-to-Female Gender Reassignment Surgery
Heß, J., Neto, R. R., Panic, L., Rubben, H., & Senf, W. (2014) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2014.0795 · Cited by 107
Long-Term Follow-Up of Transgender Women After Secondary Intestinal Vaginoplasty
van der Sluis, W. B., Bouman, M., de Boer, N. K. H., Buncamper, M. E., Bodegraven, A. A. V., Neefjes‐Borst, A., Kreukels, B. P. C., Meijerink, W. J. H. J., & Mullender, M. G. (2016) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.008 · Cited by 104
Surgical Reconstruction for Male-to-Female Sex Reassignment
Amend, B., Seibold, J., Toomey, P., et al. (2013) · European Urology · doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2012.12.030 · Cited by 102
Raigosa, M., Avvedimento, S., Yoon, T.-S., Cruz-Gimeno, J., Rodriguez, G. S., & Fontdevila, J. (2015) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12936 · Cited by 97
Alessandrescu, D., Peltecu, G. C., Buhimschi, C. S., et al. (1996) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70262-4 · Cited by 90
Ginsberg, B. A., Calderon, M., Seminara, N. M., & Day, D. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2015.10.013 · Cited by 90
da Silva, D. C., Schwarz, K., Fontanari, A. M. V., Costa, Â. B., Massuda, R., Henriques, A. A., Salvador, J., Silveira, E., Rosito, T. E., & Lobato, M. I. R. (2016) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.03.370 · Cited by 85
van der Sluis, W. B., Bouman, M., Buncamper, M. E., et al. (2016) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000001421 · Cited by 85
Reversal Surgery in Regretful Male-to-Female Transsexuals After Sex Reassignment Surgery
Djordjević, M. L., Bizic, M. R., Duišin, D., Bouman, M., & Buncamper, M. E. (2016) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.173 · Cited by 74
Aesthetic and Functional Male to Female Genital and Perineal Surgery: Feminizing Vaginoplasty
Reed, H. M. (2011) · Seminars in Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1281486 · Cited by 73
Long-Term Follow-Up of Adults with Gender Identity Disorder
Ruppin, U., & Pfäfflin, F. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0453-5 · Cited by 65
Male-to-female vaginoplasty: Preecha’s surgical technique
Wangjiraniran, B., Selvaggi, G., Chokrungvaranont, P., et al. (2014) · Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery · doi:10.3109/2000656x.2014.967253 · Cited by 60
Laser hair removal for genital gender affirming surgery
Zhang, W. R., Garrett, G. L., Arron, S. T., et al. (2016) · Translational Andrology and Urology · doi:10.21037/tau.2016.03.27 · Cited by 59
LeBreton, M. E., Courtois, F. J., Journel, N. M., Beaulieu‐Prévost, D., Bélanger, M., Ruffion, A., & Terrier, J. (2017) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.12.005 · Cited by 59
Male-to-Female Transsexualism: Technique, Results and 3-Year Follow-Up in 50 Patients
Wagner, S., Greco, F., Hoda, M. R., Inferrera, A., Lupo, A., Hamza, A., & Fornara, P. (2010) · Urologia Internationalis · doi:10.1159/000288238 · Cited by 53
Sex reassignment surgery for transsexuals
Wroblewski, P., Gustafsson, J., & Selvaggi, G. (2013) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology Diabetes and Obesity · doi:10.1097/01.med.0000436190.80104.56 · Cited by 48
Assessment of Introital Lubrication
Dawson, S. J., Sawatsky, M. L., & Lalumière, M. L. (2015) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0519-z · Cited by 39
Falcone, M., Timpano, M., Ceruti, C., et al. (2016) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2016.07.012 · Cited by 34
Giraldo, F., Mora, M. J., Solano, A., et al. (2002) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/00006534-200204010-00014 · Cited by 32
Evaluation and Treatment of Gender Dysphoria to Prepare for Gender Confirmation Surgery
Hadj-Moussa, M., Ohl, D. A., & Kuzon, W. M. (2018) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.03.006 · Cited by 32
Self-citationNormal Penile, Scrotal, and Perineal Anatomy with Reconstructive Considerations
Dwyer, M. E., Salgado, C. J., & Lightner, D. J. (2011) · Seminars in Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0031-1281487 · Cited by 27
Treating a Transgender Patient: Overview of the Guidelines
Wilczynski, C., & Emanuele, M. A. (2014) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2014.11.2840 · Cited by 23
Bockting, W. O., Coleman, E., & Cuypere, G. D. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc1104884 · Cited by 23
Löwenberg, H., Lax, H., Neto, R. R., & Krege, S. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Sexualforschung · doi:10.1055/s-0030-1262718 · Cited by 22
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms in Male-to-Female Transsexuals
Melloni, C., Melloni, G., Rossi, M., et al. (2016) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000000635 · Cited by 17
Embryology of the genitourinary tract
Lerman, S. E., McAleer, I. M., & Kaplan, G. W. (2006) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13795-15 · Cited by 9
Surgical Management of the Transgender Patient
(2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2016-0-00454-0 · Cited by 8
[Surgery for the gender identity disorder].
Sato, T. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 1
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021
Workowski, K. A., Bachmann, L. H., Chan, P. A., Johnston, C. M., Muzny, C. A., Park, I., Reno, H., Zenilman, J. M., & Bolan, G. A. (2021) · MMWR. Recommendations and Reports · doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1 · Cited by 3,018
Metadata
- Authors
- Hadj-Moussa, M., Ohl, D. A., & Kuzon, W. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hadj-Moussa, Miriam
- Venue
- Sexual Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 457-468.e2
- ISSN
- 2050-0513 (ISSN-L)
- 2050-0521
- OpenAlex
- W2793890857
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 1.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sexual Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Urological Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- gender-affirming surgery, gender dysphoria, vaginoplasty, penile inversion vaginoplasty, surgical eligibility criteria, sexual function outcomes, surgical complications, transgender women, transgender men
- MeSH terms
- Gender Dysphoria, Female, Humans, Male, Gender-Affirming Surgery, Transgender Persons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review