The neural correlates of race
Open accessAbstract
Behavioral analyses are a natural choice for understanding the wide-ranging behavioral consequences of racial stereotyping and prejudice. However, studies using neuroimaging and electrophysiological research have recently considered the neural mechanisms that underlie racial categorization and the activation and application of racial stereotypes and prejudice, revealing exciting new insights. Work that we review here points to the importance of neural structures previously associated with face processing, semantic knowledge activation, evaluation and self-regulatory behavioral control, enabling specification of a neural model of race processing. We show how research on the neural correlates of race can serve to link otherwise disparate lines of evidence on the neural underpinnings of a broad array of social-cognitive phenomena; we also consider the implications for effecting change in race relations.
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N2 amplitudes are sensitive to social and emotional manipulations, showing an own-race effect with more negative amplitudes for in-group compared with out-group faces.
“Importantly, N2 amplitudes are also sensitive to social and emotional manipulations, revealing for example an “own-race effect” with more negative N2 amplitudes for in-group compared with outgroup faces (Ito & Bartholow, 2009;Ito & Urland, 2003, 2005;Kubota & Ito, 2007;Tanaka, Kiefer, & Bukach, 2004).”
From Interplay of self-other distinction and cognitive control mechanisms in a social automatic imitation task: An ERP study (2021) · cites this paper as Ito & Bartholow, 2009
In “Electrocortical responses to race” (page unavailable), the paper reports larger N200 amplitudes for ingroup than outgroup faces in both Caucasian and Black perceivers, supporting the own-race effect. It does not establish the separate claim that N2 amplitudes are sensitive to emotional manipulations; the emotional-response passages concern other measures. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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References 80 · Cited by 246
- Authors
- Ito, T. A., & Bartholow, B. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ito, Tiffany A.
- ORCID
- Bartholow, Bruce D.
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 524-531
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2796452
- OpenAlex
- W2100931984
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R21AA017282)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH071257)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA024002)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- racial stereotypes, prejudice, racial classification, face processing, semantic knowledge, behavioral control, self-regulation, neural correlates, social cognition, race relations
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Diagnostic Imaging, Electrophysiology, Humans, Prejudice, Social Perception, Stereotyping, Racial Groups
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