The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease
Open accessAbstract
Emerging evidence implicates air pollution as a chronic source of neuroinflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and neuropathology instigating central nervous system (CNS) disease. Stroke incidence, and Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease pathology are linked to air pollution. Recent reports reveal that air pollution components reach the brain. Further, systemic effects known to impact lung and cardiovascular disease also impinge upon CNS health. While mechanisms driving air pollution-induced CNS pathology are poorly understood, new evidence suggests that activation of microglia and changes in the blood brain barrier may be key to this process. Here, we summarize recent findings detailing the mechanisms through which air pollution reaches the brain and activates the resident innate immune response to become a chronic source of pro-inflammatory factors and ROS culpable in CNS disease.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain
Dantzer, R., O'Connor, J. C., Freund, G. G., Johnson, R. W., & Kelley, K. W. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2297 · Cited by 7,395
Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
Nimmerjahn, A., Kirchhoff, F., & Helmchen, F. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1110647 · Cited by 5,827
Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms
Block, M. L., Zecca, L., & Hong, J.-S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2038 · Cited by 4,110
Self-citationWRITING GROUP MEMBERS, Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R., Carnethon, M., De Simone, G., Ferguson, T. B., Flegal, K., Ford, E., Furie, K., Go, A., et al. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.191261 · Cited by 3,140
McGeer, P. L., Itagaki, S., Boyes, B. E., & McGeer, E. G. (1988) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.38.8.1285 · Cited by 2,990
Systemic LPS causes chronic neuroinflammation and progressive neurodegeneration
Qin, L., Wu, X., Block, M. L., Liu, Y., Breese, G. R., Hong, J., Knapp, D. J., & Crews, F. T. (2007) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.20467 · Cited by 2,144
Self-citationHow common are the "common" neurologic disorders?
Hirtz, D., Thurman, D. J., Gwinn-Hardy, K., Mohamed, M., Chaudhuri, A. R., & Zalutsky, R. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000252807.38124.a3 · Cited by 1,365
Tracey, K. J. (2009) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri2566 · Cited by 1,154
Thomas, B., & Beal, M. F. (2007) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddm159 · Cited by 748
D'Mello, C., Le, T., & Swain, M. G. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3567-08.2009 · Cited by 675
Cited by
Microglial Activation and Chronic Neurodegeneration
Lull, M. E., & Block, M. L. (2010) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.nurt.2010.05.014 · Cited by 1,047
Self-citationInflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases
Stephenson, J., Nutma, E., van der Valk, P., & Amor, S. (2018) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.12922 · Cited by 966
Traffic-Related Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, and Autism
Volk, H. E., Lurmann, F., Penfold, B., Hertz-Picciotto, I., & McConnell, R. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.266 · Cited by 638
“Emerging evidence suggests that systemic inflammation may also result in damage to endothelial cells in the brain and may compromise the blood-brain barrier.(29) Systemic inflammatory mediators may cross the bloodbrain barrier, activating brain microglia, and peripheral monocytes may migrate into the pool of microglia.”
Environment, health, and human capital
Graff Zivin, J., & Neidell, M. (2013) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.51.3.689 · Cited by 576
The outdoor air pollution and brain health workshop
Block, M. L., Elder, A., Auten, R. L., Bilbo, S. D., Chen, H., Chen, J.-C., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Costa, D., Diaz-Sanchez, D., Dorman, D. C., et al. (2012) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2012.08.014 · Cited by 539
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Block, M. L., & Calderón-Garcidueñas, L.
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-09
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 506-516
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2022392583
- Cited by
- 1,651
- References
- 12
- FWCI
- 5.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.009
- The paper
- Block, M. L., & Calderón-Garcidueñas, L. (2009). Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends in Neurosciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2009.05.009
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
