The DOI matches its Crossref record; 193 of the 197 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The clinical toxicology of caffeine: A review and case study
Open accessAbstract
Caffeine is a widely recognized psychostimulant compound with a long history of consumption by humans. While it has received a significant amount of attention there is still much to be learned with respect to its toxicology in humans, especially in cases of overdose. A review of the history of consumption and the clinical toxicology of caffeine including clinical features, pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, a thorough examination of mechanism of action and management/treatment strategies are undertaken. While higher (i.e., several grams) quantities of caffeine are known to cause toxicity and potentially lethality, cases of mainly younger individuals who have experienced severe side effects and death despite consuming doses not otherwise known to cause such harm is troubling and deserves further study. An attempted case reconstruction is performed in an effort to shed light on this issue with a focus on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of caffeine.
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“However, excessive caffeine consumption (1~1.5 g/day) can cause caffeine poisoning (caffeinism), which includes symptoms such as anxiety, agitation, insomnia, and gastrointestinal disorders.”
From Effect of Caffeine Consumption on the Risk for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: Sex Differences in Human (2020) · cites this paper as [12]
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“After ingestion, caffeine is completely absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract within 45minutes and rapidly distributed to all tissues, with an average volume of distribution of 0.7 l/kg, including the brain, due to its lipophilic nature (Higdon and Frei 2006; Willson 2018).”
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“5 g/day) can cause caffeine poisoning (caffeinism), which includes symptoms such as anxiety, agitation, insomnia, gastrointestinal disorders, tremors, and mental disorders [12].”
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Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Willson, C.
- Corresponding author
- Willson, Cyril
- Venue
- Toxicology Reports
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 1140-1152
- ISSN
- 2214-7500 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6247400
- OpenAlex
- W2899447541
- Cited by
- 289
- References
- 197
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 47 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Toxicology Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Coffee research and impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Poisoning and overdose treatments
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- caffeine, caffeine toxicity, psychostimulants, pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, mechanism of action, case reconstruction, young adults
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