Reply to Trewavas et al. and Calvo and Trewavas.
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Animals evolved fast, Na+-based action potentials for neuromuscular mobility, whereas land plants are sessile autotrophs with rigid cell walls that prevent neuronal branching or extensive cell-to-cell communication of neural networks.
“animals move and they evolved fast, Na+-based action potentials that signal neuromuscular-based mobility, whereas land plants are sessile autotrophs with rigid cell walls that prevent anything like neuronal branching or the extensive cell-to-cell communication of neural networks”
From Phenomenal Consciousness and Emergence: Eliminating the Explanatory Gap (2020) · cites this paper as Taiz et al., 2020
Cites
GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR-LIKE genes mediate leaf-to-leaf wound signalling
Mousavi, S. A. R., Chauvin, A., Pascaud, F., Kellenberger, S. B., & Farmer, E. E. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12478 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Plant neurobiology: an integrated view of plant signaling
Brenner, E. D., Stahlberg, R., Mancuso, S., Vivanco, J. M., Baluška, F., & Volkenburgh, E. V. (2006) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2006.06.009 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) signalling in plants
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Physiological Roles of Non-Neuronal NMDA Receptors
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The Biology of General Anesthesia from Paramecium to Primate
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Synaptotagmin-1 utilizes membrane bending and SNARE binding to drive fusion pore expansion.
Lynch, K. L., Gerona, R. R. L., Kielar, D., Martens, S., McMahon, H., & Martin, T. (2008) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e08-03-0235 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Comparing plant and animal glutamate receptors: common traits but different fates?
Wudick, M. M., Michard, E., Nunes, C. O., & Feijó, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Botany · doi:10.1093/jxb/ery153 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
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Wang, P., Lee, C.-E., Lin, Y.-S., Lee, M.-H., Chen, P.-Y., Chang, H.-C., & Chang, I. (2019) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.01169 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
The Functional Significance of Synaptotagmin Diversity in Neuroendocrine Secretion
Moghadam, P. K., & Jackson, M. B. (2013) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2013.00124 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Evolutionary insight into the ionotropic glutamate receptor superfamily of photosynthetic organisms
Bortoli, S. D., Teardo, E., Szabó, I., Morosinotto, T., & Alboresi, A. (2016) · Biophysical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bpc.2016.07.004 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Consciousness Facilitates Plant Behavior
TREWAVAS, A. J., Baluška, F., Mancuso, S., & Calvo, P. (2020) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.015 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Salvador‐Recatalà, V. (2016) · Plant Signaling & Behavior · doi:10.1080/15592324.2016.1161879 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Signal transduction: GABA receptor found in plants
Žárský, V. (2015) · Nature Plants · doi:10.1038/nplants.2015.115 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Qi, C., Zhang, Z., Fang, H., Liu, J., Zhou, N., Ge, J., Chen, F.-H., Xiang, C., & Zhou, J. (2014) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyu006 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Physiology and the (Neuro)biology of Plant Behavior: A Farewell to Arms
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Attentional Selection: Mexican Hats Everywhere
Treue, S. (2014) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.019 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Maher, C. (2019) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2019.12.014 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Plant sentience? Between romanticism and denial: Science
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Consciousness and cognition in plants
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Debunking a myth: plant consciousness
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Self-citationPhenomenal Consciousness and Emergence: Eliminating the Explanatory Gap
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Anesthetics and plants: no pain, no brain, and therefore no consciousness
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Self-citationMiguel-Tomé, S., & Llinás, R. R. (2021) · Plant Signaling & Behavior · doi:10.1080/15592324.2021.1927562 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Plant “intelligence” changes nothing
Robinson, D. G., Draguhn, A., & Taiz, L. (2020) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.202050395 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationPlant Philosophy and Interpretation: Making Sense of Contemporary Plant Intelligence Debates
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Plants have neither synapses nor a nervous system
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Self-citationIntegrated information theory does not make plant consciousness more convincing
Mallatt, J. M., Taiz, L., Draguhn, A., Blatt, M. R., & Robinson, D. G. (2021) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationDecision Making in Plants: A Rooted Perspective
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Plant sentience: The burden of proof
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Towards an interdisciplinary framework about intelligence
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Robinson, D. G., Blatt, M. R., Draguhn, A., Taiz, L., & Mallatt, J. M. (2023) · Animal Sentience · doi:10.51291/2377-7478.1782 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationPlants make smart decisions in complex environments
Severino, L. S. (2021) · Plant Signaling & Behavior · doi:10.1080/15592324.2021.1970448 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Understanding Plant Behavior: A Student Perspective
Volkenburgh, E. V., Mirzaei, K., & Ybarra, Y. (2021) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2021.02.012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A critical review of plant sentience: moving beyond traditional approaches
Hansen, M. J. (2024) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-024-09953-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Plant “intelligence” and the misuse of historical sources as evidence
Kingsland, S., & Taiz, L. (2024) · PROTOPLASMA · doi:10.1007/s00709-024-01988-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding plant behavior: a student perspective: response to Van Volkenburgh et al.
Mallatt, J. M., Robinson, D. G., Draguhn, A., Blatt, M. R., & Taiz, L. (2021) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2021.08.014 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental complexity, cognition, and plant stress physiology
Yılmaz, Ö. (2024) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/10597123241278799 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Don’t jump the gun quite yet: aiming for the true target in plant neurobiology research
Calvo, P., Raja, V., & Segundo‐Ortin, M. (2024) · PROTOPLASMA · doi:10.1007/s00709-024-01993-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Veit, W. (2025) · Adaptive Behavior · doi:10.1177/10597123251413199 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Plant Cognition—An Empirical Primer: Evidence, Implications, and Ethics
Segundo‐Ortin, M., Ponkshe, A., Lee, J., & Calvo, P. (2026) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.70073 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Why not be random to build a woody crown network?
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Is cognition at the root of plant behavior?
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Sentience in the history of early plant physiology: Augustin-Pyramus de Candolle’s contribution
Hiernaux, Q. (2026) · History & Philosophy of the Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s40656-026-00723-8
- Authors
- Taiz, L., Alkon, D., Draguhn, A., Murphy, A., Blatt, M., Thiel, G., & Robinson, D. G.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Technische Universität Darmstadt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Taiz, Lincoln
- ORCID
- Venue
- Trends in Plant Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 218-220
- ISSN
- 1360-1385 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2999182760
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Plant Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- TUbilio (Technical University of Darmstadt) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant and Biological Electrophysiology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Philosophy and History of Science
- Keywords
- plant consciousness, plant neurobiology, plant behavior, plant physiology
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