The DOI matches its Crossref record; 56 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in The Netherlands
Open accessAbstract
Pets may carry zoonotic pathogens for which owners are at risk. The aim of the study is to investigate whether healthy pets harbour zoonotic parasitic infections and to make an inventory of the interactions between pet-owners and their companion animals in The Netherlands. Fecal and hair samples were collected from healthy household dogs and cats in Dutch veterinary practices. Owners were interviewed about interaction with their pets. The samples were investigated by microscopy, ELISA, and PCR. From 159 households, 152 dogs (D) and 60 cats (C), information and samples were collected and examination for several zoonotic parasites was performed. Toxocara eggs were found in 4.4% (D) and 4.6% (C) of the fecal samples and in 12.2% (D) and 3.4% (C) of the fur samples. The median epg in the fur was 17 (D) and 28 (C) and none of these eggs were viable. From 15.2% of the dog and 13.6% of the cat feces Giardia was isolated. One canine and one feline Giardia isolate was a zoonotic assemblage A (12%). Cryptosporidium sp. were present in 8.7% (D) and 4.6% (C) of the feces. Fifty percent of the owners allow the pet to lick their faces. Sixty percent of the pets visit the bedroom; 45-60% (D-C) are allowed on the bed, and 18-30% (D-C) sleep with the owner in bed. Six percent of the pets always sleep in the bedroom. Of the cats, 45% are allowed to jump onto the kitchen sink. Nearly 39% of the dog owners never clean up the feces of their dog. Fifteen percent of the dog owners and 8% of the cat owners always wash their hands after contact with the animals. Close physical contact between owners and their pets is common and poses an increased risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens. Education of owners by the vet, specifically about hygiene and potential risks, is required.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“previous studies indicating that pets are frequently permitted access to the bedroom, the owner's bed, and household furniture [7], [45], [46], [47]”
From Characterization of human-animal interactions among pet owners in Mexico from a One Health perspective: A cross-sectional study (2026) · cites this paper as [45]
In the citing paper
“Our publication [119] showed that a high percentage of pets were allowed in the bedroom and in bed, with 6% always sleeping in bed with their owner.”
From A One Health Perspective on the Human-Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects. (2020) · cites this paper as [119]
In the citing paper
“Various studies show that around 40%–50% of owners allow this [119,120].”
From A One Health Perspective on the Human-Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects. (2020) · cites this paper as [119]
Citations
Cites
Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis
Fayer, R., & Ungar, B. L. P. (1986) · Microbiological Reviews · doi:10.1128/mr.50.4.458-483.1986 · Cited by 1,187
Staining of Cryptosporidia by a Modified Ziehl-Neelsen Technique
Henriksen, S. A., & Pohlenz, J. (1981) · Acta veterinaria Scandinavica · doi:10.1186/bf03548684 · Cited by 902
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS OF ZOONOTIC TOXOCARIASIS
Glickman, L. T., & Schantz, P. M. (1981) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036235 · Cited by 568
Xiao, L., & Fayer, R. (2008) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.03.006 · Cited by 521
Duration of Immunity to Shedding of Toxoplasma gondii Oocysts by Cats
Dubey, J. P. (1995) · Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.2307/3283823 · Cited by 444
The zoonotic transmission of Giardia and Cryptosporidium
Hunter, P. R., & Thompson, R. C. A. (2005) · International Journal for Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.07.009 · Cited by 431
de Savigny, D. (1975) · Journal of Parasitology · doi:10.2307/3279492 · Cited by 422
Xiao, L., & Feng, Y. (2008) · FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00377.x · Cited by 374
Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis
Kizer, K. W. (2009) · Wilderness and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1580/09-weme-br-309.1 · Cited by 324
Cryptosporidium and Giardia as foodborne zoonoses
Smith, H. V., Cacciò, S. M., Cook, N., Nichols, R. A. B., & Tait, A. (2007) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.07.015 · Cited by 293
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Buijs, J., 1993. Toxocara infection and airway function: an experimental and epidemiological study. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Utrecht.
- Hasslinger, 1973, Zur Stellung der Hauskatze in der Epidemiologie menschlicher Wurminfektionen unter besondere Berücksichtigung von Toxocara mystax, Tierärztl. Umsch., 28, 26
- Regosz, J., 2007. The importance of domestic carnivore's fur contamination in the spreading of helminth's eggs. Thesis, Veterinary Faculty, Dept. of Parasitology and Zoology, Budapest, Hungary.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–284 of 284
Histopathological Study of Different VLM Stages of Toxocara canis Infection in Liver of Rabbits
Hade, B. F., Ibrahim, A. M. A. A.-A. Z. I., & Saadedin, S. M. K. (2018) · Iraqi Journal of Biotechnology · Cited by 3
Hassan, N.-A., Thodsapol, A., Lim, Y. A. L., Sulaiman, W. Y. W., Omar, S. F. N. S., Umsakul, K., & Ngui, R. (2020) · Parasitology International · doi:10.1016/j.parint.2020.102237 · Cited by 3
Dog care and parasitosis in a rural community of Patagonia: An integrative approach
Santos, K. N., Viozzi, G. P., & Flores, V. R. (2021) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100583 · Cited by 3
Vertebrates as uninfected disseminators of helminth eggs and larvae
Morley, N. J. (2022) · Advances in Parasitology/Advances in parasitology · doi:10.1016/bs.apar.2021.08.010 · Cited by 3
Anthropozoonotic parasitoses of dogs and cats in the urban ecosystem of Vladivostok, Russia
Tabakaeva, T. V., Galkina, I. V., Tabakaev, A. V., & MIu, S. (2024) · South of Russia ecology development · doi:10.18470/1992-1098-2024-2-2 · Cited by 3
Cat-Related Zoonoses: Killing You Softly with Feces and Fleas
Sing, A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-9457-2_23 · Cited by 3
Risks and benefits of the interaction with companion animals
Pinello, K. C., Palmieri, C., Ruiz, J., Dagli, M. L., & Niza‐Ribeiro, J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822794-7.00012-5 · Cited by 3
Weißenböck, H., Ondrovics, M., Gurtner, S., Schiessl, P., Mostegl, M. M., & Richter, B. (2011) · Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation · doi:10.1177/1040638711404151 · Cited by 3
Luo, Y., Ma, G., Luo, Y.-F., Kuang, C., Jiang, A.-Y., Li, G., & Zhou, R. (2018) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-018-5751-8 · Cited by 3
McManus, R., Hamilton, C. M., & Holland, C. V. (2018) · Michigan State University eBooks · doi:10.14321/waterpathogens.42 · Cited by 3
Comment on Zoonoses in the Bedroom (Reply)
Chomel, B. B. (2011) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1707.110590 · Cited by 3
Aklilu, H., & Engdawork, A. (2024) · Archives of Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.46784/e-avm.v17i1.348 · Cited by 2
Prevalence of Giardia duodenalis genetic assemblages isolated from dogs and cats in Poland
Jańczak, D., Olszewski, J., Maj, A., Górecki, P., Nowak, M., & Szaluś‐Jordanow, O. (2025) · Journal of Veterinary Research · doi:10.2478/jvetres-2025-0043 · Cited by 2
Parasitic Zoonoses from Dogs: How Common are they in Zambia
Siwila, J. (2016) · International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health · doi:10.9734/ijtdh/2016/25331 · Cited by 2
Scruggs, C. E., Lozoya, S., Rumsey, K., Bronson, K., & Chavez, P. (2021) · Journal of Planning Education and Research · doi:10.1177/0739456x211020357 · Cited by 2
(2022) · Journal of Chemical Biological and Physical Sciences · doi:10.24214/jcbps.b.12.4.48599 · Cited by 2
Cryptosporidiosis and Cyclosporiasis
Scorza, V., & Lappin, M. R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-50934-3.00103-8 · Cited by 2
Sanguansook, P., Tuangpermsub, S., Leelakarnsakul, B., Phaisansomsuk, S., Hunprasit, V., Rı́o, L. D., Niyomtham, W., Prapasarakul, N., & Sukhumavasi, W. (2024) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci11080358 · Cited by 2
Prevalence of Cryptosporıdıum spp. in Dogs in The Aegean Region
Öner, G., & Ulutaş, B. (2022) · Animal Health Production and Hygiene · doi:10.53913/aduveterinary.1105182 · Cited by 2
A puppy with toxocara canis in pets shop from Saudi Arabia
Al-Tayib, O. A. (2013) · Journal of Veterinary Advances · doi:10.14196/sjva.v2i11.1082 · Cited by 2
Núñez, C. R., David, G., Martínez, M., Bustamante, L. P., Magdalena, M., Galván, C., & Ramírez‐Durán, N. (2011) · Cited by 2
Wyckliff, N., Kitaa, J. M. A., Thaiyah, A., Maingi, N., & Muriuki, J. (2017) · International Journal of Veterinary Science and Research · doi:10.17352/ijvsr.000019 · Cited by 4
Vitela-Mendoza, I. V., Díaz, K. P., Cruz-Vázquez, C. R., Medina-Esparza, L., & Ramos-Parra, M. (2019) · Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias · doi:10.22319/rmcp.v10i1.4758 · Cited by 2
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in domestic cats from an urban area in Brazil
do Tocantins, U. F., Neto, L. D. S., Widmer, G., de Lima, V. M. F., Meireles, M. V., Inácio, S. V., Marques, M. G., de Ourinhos, C. U. D. F. I., Marques, A. E. G. W., de Matos, L. V. S., et al. (2020) · Semina Ciências Agrárias · doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6p2677 · Cited by 2
Chomel, B. B. (2011) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1702101070 · Cited by 2
Prevalence of Toxocara canis eggs in hairs of dogs in Saki Southwestern Nigeria
Salawu, S. A., & Akeredolu, A. B. (2023) · Journal of Public Health and Epidemiology · doi:10.5897/jphe2022.1381 · Cited by 2
Human-directed dog aggression; a systematic review
Newman, J. (2013) · University of Liverpool · doi:10.17638/00007753 · Cited by 2
Núñez, C. R. (2011) · Cited by 2
Fazaeli, A., Kohansal, M. H., Spotin, A., Haniloo, A., Nourian, A., Khiabani, A., Siyadatpanah, A., Norouzi, R., & Nissapatorn, V. (2021) · Veterinary World · doi:10.14202/vetworld.2021.419-425 · Cited by 2
Comment on Zoonoses in the Bedroom (Response)
Montgomery, S. P. (2011) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1707.110317 · Cited by 2
Giardiasis in Human and Animals
(2021) · International Journal of Veterinary Science · doi:10.47278/book.vpph/2021.008 · Cited by 1
Wipler, J., Čermáková, Z., Buchta, V., Žák, P., & Vlčková, M. (2023) · Acta Veterinaria Brno · doi:10.2754/avb202392020157 · Cited by 1
Knowledge and Practices Related to Dog-Associated Zoonoses in Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria
Omonijo, A. O., Omonijo, A., & Farayola, A. O. (2024) · Pan African Journal of Life Sciences · doi:10.36108/pajols/4202/80.0160 · Cited by 2
Feline enteropathogens and molecular diagnostics: benefits, limitations and clinical applications
Cattaneo, G., & McCallum, K. (2025) · Journal of feline medicine and surgery · doi:10.1177/1098612x251352746 · Cited by 1
Araus, D., Ubilla, M. J., Larrondo, C., & Cañon–Jones, H. (2025) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2025.12.004 · Cited by 1
Mahjoub, H. A. (2025) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2025.101413 · Cited by 2
The effect of pet dog exposure on gut antibiotic resistome and microbiome of their owners
Cui, W., Cui, Y., Hao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, F., Long, J., Jin, Y., Chen, S., Duan, G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141429 · Cited by 2
Kołłątaj, W. P., Kołłątaj, B., Karwat, I. D., Sygit, M., & Sygit, K. (2012) · Environment and Pollution · doi:10.5539/ep.v1n2p148 · Cited by 1
PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES TO BVDV AND BHV1 IN DAIRY HERDS IN SOUTHEASTERN REGION OF ROMANIA
ANIȚĂ, D. C., Savuţa, G., & Sadoveanu, M. (2013) · Lucrari Stiintifice - Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole a Banatului Timisoara, Medicina Veterinara · Cited by 1
Ефективність препаратів ELITE ZOO ДОГ та ELITE ZOO КЕТ на гельмінтофауну дрібних домашніх тварин
Berezovsky, A., & Морозов, Б. С. (2020) · Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University The series Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.32845/bsnau.vet.2020.3.6 · Cited by 1
Chihai, O., Rusu, Ş., Tălămbuţă, N., Nistreanu, V., Ларион, А., Savin, A., & Naforniţa, N. (2021) · Sustainable Use, Protection of Animal World and Forest Management in the Context of Climate Change · doi:10.53937/icz10.2021.30 · Cited by 1
Presence of Zoonotic Helminths in Dog Feces and Soil in the Chapultepec Forest of Mexico City
(2017) · Integrative Journal of Veterinary Biosciences · doi:10.31038/ijvb.2017121 · Cited by 1
Dogs and Transmission of Infection to Man, “Respected Member of the Family?”
Overgaauw, P. A. M., & Knapen, F. V. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_22-1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationGastrointestinal parasite risk in dog parks in the Lisbon area
Ferreira, A. M. N. (2015) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 1
Enserink, R. (2014) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 1
Guerra, D. (2012) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 1
Alvarado-Serrano, M., Mora-Izaguirre, M. O., Juárez-Lira, A., Domínguez-Pérez, R. A., Frade-Pérez, M. D., Luna, G. S. E., & Pérez-Serrano, R. M. (2026) · One Health · doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2026.101426
“This habit of sharing a bed aligns with previous studies indicating that pets are frequently permitted access to the bedroom, the owner's bed, and household furniture [7,45 – 47].”
Hundens roll vid MRSA-infektioner
Linck, L. (2012) · Epsilon Archive for Student Projects (University of Southampton)
Neto, S., & da, L. (2014) · Aleph UCLA Undergraduate Research Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences
Overgaauw, P. A. M. (2008) · Bijblijven · doi:10.1007/bf03076387
Self-citationHuman lifestyle in Contact With Dogs and Risk of Infection With Protozoan Parasites
Mosayebi, M. (2014) · Islamic Lifestyle Centered on Health · doi:10.5812/ilch.12461
Rastreio de formas parasitárias em fezes de cães recolhidas em espaços públicos na cidade de Beja
Nunes, M. R. F. (2014) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)
DNA Based Diagnosis of Canine Bacterial Diseases
Özaslan, M., & Attitalla, I. H. (2012) · Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances · doi:10.3923/javaa.2012.1954.1964
Zoonosis and Animal Rehabilitation
Lappin, M. R. (2014) · Orthopaedic Section, APTA, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.17832/isc.2014.23.3.2
Toxocaríase murina experimental: diagnóstico por PCR e comparação com técnicas imunológicas
Fonseca, G. R. E. (2018) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.5.2018.tde-28092018-102527
Thomas, T., & Mohammed, Q. (2019) · Journal of Biology Agriculture and Healthcare · doi:10.7176/jbah/9-10-07
Ferraz, A., Evaristo, T. A., Pires, B. D. S., Pinto, D. M., & Nizoli, L. Q. (2020) · Medicina Veterinária (UFRPE) · doi:10.26605/medvet-v14n4-3916
Role of cats in human toxocarosis
Castro, P. D. J., & Sapp, S. G. H. (2020) · The Veterinary Nurse · doi:10.12968/vetn.2020.11.9.400
Septicaemia and thrombocytopenia caused by Salmonella gallinarum in a dog fed a raw meat-based diet
Albuquerque, C. S., Tørnqvist‐Johnsen, C., Breheny, C. R., & Llewellyn, E. A. (2021) · Companion animal · doi:10.12968/coan.2020.0080
Förekomst av endoparasiter hos vuxna hundar i Sverige
Victorsson, I. (2015) · Epsilon Archive for Student Projects (University of Southampton)
Bauerfeind, R., von Graevenitz, A., Kimmig, P., Schiefer, H. G., Schwarz, T. F., Slenczka, W., & Zahner, H. (2015) · ASM Press eBooks · doi:10.1128/9781555819262.ch4
(2011) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1707.c11707
(2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811349-3.16001-3
Cats – Revered and Reviled – and Associated Zoonoses
Sing, A., & Berger, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_23-1
Dogs and Transmission of Infection to Man, “Respected Member of the Family?”
Overgaauw, P. A. M., & Knapen, F. V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27164-9_22
Self-citationCats – Revered and Reviled – and Associated Zoonoses
Sing, A., & Berger, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27164-9_23
Alghabban, A. J. M. (2023) · Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology · doi:10.21608/jesp.2023.331731
Zoonotic hookworms and roundworms affecting dogs and cats in Europe
Colombo, M., & Traversa, D. (2024) · The Veterinary Nurse · doi:10.12968/vetn.2024.15.2.52
Chihai, O., Savin, A., Nistreanu, V., Ларион, А., Rusu, Ş., Tălămbuţă, N., Zamornea, M., Melnic, G., & Koshkodan, D. (2024) · Studia Universitatis Moldaviae Seria Științe ale Naturii · doi:10.59295/sum6(166)2023_08
Zoonotic hookworms and roundworms affecting dogs and cats in Europe
Colombo, M., & Traversa, D. (2025) · The Veterinary Nurse · doi:10.12968/vetn.2025.0009a
Oh, Y. (2025) · Korean Journal of Healthcare-Associated Infection Control and Prevention · doi:10.14192/kjicp.2025.30.1.23
Uiterwijk, M., Mughini‐Gras, L., Nijsse, R., Wagenaar, J. A., Ploeger, H. W., & Kooyman, F. N. J. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13323767
Uiterwijk, M., Mughini‐Gras, L., Nijsse, R., Wagenaar, J. A., Ploeger, H. W., & Kooyman, F. N. J. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13323773
Rauw, J. A. (2011) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst contamination of salad vegetables in Kufra city, Libya
Saaed, F. M. A., & Ongerth, J. E. (2019) · مجلة البحوث الأكاديمية · doi:10.65540/jar.v13i.937
One Health approach on toxocariasis and ophthalmic assessment in owners and dogs
Bach, M. B., Kmetiuk, L. B., Freitas, A. R., Guareschi, B. L. V., Ferreira, I. B., Filho, R. T. D. S., Fonseca, G. R. E., de Alvarenga, F. M., Delai, R. R., Pimpão, C. T., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-40986-6
Teklay, H., Hagos, Y., & Hailu, M. W. (2026) · Veterinary Medicine and Science · doi:10.1002/vms3.70931
Environmental Worldviews and Litter Management Behaviors in Idaho Parks and Protected Areas
Engels, M., Panta, M., & Zajchowski, C. A. B. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18125968
Kissojen suolistoloiset Suomessa prevalenssit, riskitekijät ja matolääkkeiden käyttötottumukset
Saarinen, K., & Puomio, J. (2012) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
A comparison of three diagnostic techniques for the detection of Giardia lamblia in pet dogs
Verhoeven, L. G. A. (2015) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Overgaauw, P. A. M., van Zutphen, L., Hoek, D., Yaya, F. O., Roelfsema, J., Pinelli, E., van Knapen, F., & Kortbeek, L. M.
- Affiliations
- Wageningen University & Research (NL)
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Overgaauw, Paul A.M.
- Venue
- Veterinary Parasitology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-07
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 115-122
- ISSN
- 0304-4017 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2050417750
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 12.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Veterinary Parasitology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasitic infections in humans and animals
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasitic Infections and Diagnostics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Helminth infection and control
- Keywords
- zoonotic parasites, dogs, cats, Toxocara, Giardia, Cryptosporidium, fecal samples, household hygiene, zoonotic transmission risk, owner education
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Domestic, Cat Diseases, Cats, Cryptosporidium, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Feces, Giardia, Hair, Netherlands, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Toxocara, Zoonoses
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review