A novel, mouse mammary tumor virus encoded protein with Rev-like properties
Open accessAbstract
We have identified a novel, multiple spliced, subgenomic mRNA species in MMTV producing cells of different origin containing an open reading frame encoding a 39-kDa Rev-like protein, Rem (regulator of expression of MMTV). An EGFP-Rem fusion protein is shown to be predominantly in the nucleolus. Further leptomycin B inhibits the nuclear export of nonspliced MMTV transcripts, implicating Rem in nuclear export by the Crm1 pathway in MMTV. Rem is thus reminiscent of the Rec protein from the related endogenous human retrovirus, HERV-K.
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RmRE is found in both unspliced and spliced RNAs.
“Like HIV-1, this element is found in both the unspliced and spliced RNAs (Fig. 9; Table 1) (Indik et al. 2005, Mertz et al. 2005, 2009, Müllner et al. 2008).”
From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Indik et al. 2005
RmRE is predicted to form an RNA secondary structure with multiple stem loops, and one stem loop is proposed as docking site for Rem to multimerize, mediating nuclear export of unspliced RNA.
“The RmRE is predicted to form an RNA secondary structure with multiple stem loops, and it has been proposed that one of these stem loops serves as a docking site for the Rem to multimerize, mediating the nuclear export of unspliced RNA (Indik et al. 2005, Müllner et al. 2008, Mertz et al. 2009).”
From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Indik et al. 2005
MMTV encodes Rem, which interacts with RmRE present at the 3′ end of the genome within the env gene, overlapping the 3′ LTR.
“Similarly, MMTV encodes a protein called Regulator of Export of MMTV mRNA (Rem), which interacts with the Rem Responsive Element (RmRE) present at the 3′end of the genome within the env gene, but overlapping the 3′ LTR.”
From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Indik et al. 2005
Cites
Identification of human endogenous retroviruses with complex mRNA expression and particle formation.
Löwer, R., Boller, K., Hasenmaier, B., Korbmacher, C., Müller-Lantzsch, N., Löwer, J., & Kurth, R. (1993) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.90.10.4480 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
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Human RNA “Rumor” Viruses: the Search for Novel Human Retroviruses in Chronic Disease
Voisset, C., Weiss, R. A., & Griffiths, D. J. (2008) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00033-07 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Mouse mammary tumor virus encodes a self-regulatory RNA export protein and is a complex retrovirus
Mertz, J. A., Simper, M. S., Lozano, M. M., Payne, S. M., & Dudley, J. P. (2005) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.79.23.14737-14747.2005 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Foamy virus nuclear RNA export is distinct from that of other retroviruses
Bodem, J., Schied, T., Gabriel, R., Rammling, M., & Rethwilm, A. (2011) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01518-10 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Identification of the Rem-responsive element of mouse mammary tumor virus
Mullner, M., Salmons, B., Gunzburg, W. H., & Indik, S. (2008) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkn608 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationBeyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication
Jehad, M. A., Ali, L. M., Pillai, V. N., Prabhu, S. G., Mustafa, F., & Rizvi, T. A. (2026) · FEMS Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1093/femsre/fuaf066 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The RmRE is predicted to form an RNA secondary structure with multiple stem loops, and it has been proposed that one of these stem loops serves as a docking site for the Rem to multimerize, mediating the nuclear export of unspliced RNA (Indik et al. 2005 , Müllner et al. 2008 , Mertz et al. 2009 ).”
- Authors
- Indik, S., Günzburg, W. H., Salmons, B., & Rouault, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Salmons, Brian
- Venue
- Virology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 337
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-6
- ISSN
- 0042-6822 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2070697512
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Virology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and Retrovirus Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
- Keywords
- mouse mammary tumor virus, subgenomic mRNA, spliced mRNA, nuclear export, leptomycin B, nucleolus, EGFP fusion protein
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Line, Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse, RNA Splicing, Viral Proteins, Gene Products, rev, Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, Mice
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