CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 109Water Treatment and DisinfectionAdvanced oxidation water treatmentToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Enhanced N‑nitrosamine formation in pool water by UV irradiation of chlorinated secondary amines in the presence of monochloramine

Open access
Soltermann, Fabian, Lee, Minju, Canonica, Silvio, von Gunten, Urs·2013·Water Research
DOI 10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.034
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

N-Nitrosamines, in particular N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), are carcinogens, which occur as chlorine disinfection by-products (DBPs) in swimming pools and hot tubs. UV treatment is a commonly used technique in swimming pools for disinfection and DBP attenuation. UV irradiation is known to efficiently degrade N-nitrosamines. However, UV irradiation (at λ = 254 nm) of chlorinated dimethylamine (CDMA) and monochloramine, two NDMA precursors present in swimming pool water, resulted in a substantial UV-induced NDMA formation (~1-2% molar yield based on initial CDMA concentration) simultaneously to NDMA photolysis. Maximum NDMA concentrations were found at UV doses in the range used for advanced oxidation (350-850 mJ cm(-2)). Very similar behaviour was found for other chlorinated secondary amines, namely diethylamine and morpholine. Effectiveness of UV irradiation for N-nitrosamine abatement depends on initial N-nitrosamine and precursor concentrations and the applied UV dose. N-Nitrosamine formation is hypothesized to occur via the reaction of nitric oxide or peroxynitrite with the secondary aminyl radical, which are products from the photolysis of monochloramine and chlorinated secondary amines, respectively. Experiments with pool water showed that similar trends were observed under pool water conditions. UV treatment (UV dose: ~360 mJ cm(-2)) slightly increased NDMA concentration in pool water instead of the anticipated 50% abatement in the absence of NDMA precursors.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.034

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 53

  1. Buxton, 1998, Reactivity of chlorine atoms in aqueous solution – Part 1. The equilibrium Cl-center dot+Cl-reversible arrow Cl-2(center dot-), Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions, 94, 653, 10.1039/a707377a · DOI
  2. Buxton, 2000, The reactivity of chlorine atoms in aqueous solution. Part III. The reactions of Cl-center dot with solutes, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 2, 237, 10.1039/a907133d · DOI
  3. Canonica, 2008, Phototransformation of selected pharmaceuticals during UV treatment of drinking water, Water Research, 42, 121, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.026 · DOI
  4. Cassan, 2006, Effects of medium-pressure UV lamps radiation on water quality in a chlorinated indoor swimming pool, Chemosphere, 62, 1507, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.06.006 · DOI · Paper page
  5. Chen, 2008, The influence of the pre-oxidation of natural organic matter on the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), Environmental Science & Technology, 42, 5062, 10.1021/es8006673 · DOI
  6. Choi, 2003, N-nitrosodimethylamine formation by free-chlorine-enhanced nitrosation of dimethylamine, Environmental Science & Technology, 37, 4871, 10.1021/es034020n · DOI
  7. Cooper, 2007, Sunlight-induced photochemical decay of oxidants in natural waters: implications in ballast water treatment, Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 3728, 10.1021/es062975a · DOI
  8. De Laat, 2009, Dechlorination of pool water by UV irradiation. A review, European Journal of Water Quality, 40, 129, 10.1051/water/2009009 · DOI
  9. De Laat, 2010, Effect of dissolved oxygen on the photodecomposition of monochloramine and dichloramine in aqueous solution by UV irradiation at 253.7nm, Water Research, 44, 3261, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.03.009 · DOI
  10. Deborde, 2008, Reactions of chlorine with inorganic and organic compounds during water treatment–kinetics and mechanisms: a critical review, Water Research, 42, 13, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.025 · DOI
  11. Grebel, 2006, Solid-phase microextraction of N-nitrosamines, Journal of Chromatography A, 1117, 11, 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.044 · DOI
  12. Jafvert, 1992, Reaction scheme for the chlorination of ammoniacal water, Environmental Science & Technology, 26, 577, 10.1021/es00027a022 · DOI
  13. Jurado-Sanchez, 2010, Screening of N-nitrosamines in tap and swimming pool waters using fast gas chromatography, Journal of Separation Science, 33, 610, 10.1002/jssc.200900679 · DOI
  14. Kirsch, 2006, The reaction of peroxynitrite with morpholine (secondary amines) revisited: the overlooked hydroxylamine formation, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 89, 2399, 10.1002/hlca.200690222 · DOI
  15. Krauss, 2009, Occurrence and removal of N-nitrosamines in wastewater treatment plants, Water Research, 43, 4381, 10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.048 · DOI
  16. Krull, 1979, Confirmatory methods for the thermal-energy determination of N-nitroso compounds at trace levels, Analytical Chemistry, 51, 1706, 10.1021/ac50047a028 · DOI
  17. Lee, 2005, UV photolytic mechanism of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water: roles of dissolved oxygen and solution pH, Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 9702, 10.1021/es051235j · DOI
  18. Lee, 2007, Oxidation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors with ozone and chlorine dioxide: kinetics and effect on NDMA formation potential, Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 2056, 10.1021/es062484q · DOI
  19. Lee, 2007, UV-A induced photochemical formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in the presence of nitrite and dimethylamine, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A-Chemistry, 189, 128, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2007.01.022 · DOI
  20. Lee, 2008, Oxidation of suspected N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) precursors by ferrate (VI): kinetics and effect on the NDMA formation potential of natural waters, Water Research, 42, 433, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.035 · DOI
  21. Lee, 2004, Kinetics and mechanisms of DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) degradation by UV/H2O2 process, Water Research, 38, 2579, 10.1016/j.watres.2004.02.028 · DOI
  22. Li, 2009, UV photodegradation of inorganic chloramines, Environmental Science & Technology, 43, 60, 10.1021/es8016304 · DOI
  23. Lobachev, 2006, The chemistry of peroxynitrite. Reaction mechanisms and kinetics, Russian Chemical Reviews, 75, 375, 10.1070/RC2006v075n05ABEH001212 · DOI
  24. Masuda, 2000, Formation of N-nitrosamines and N-nitramines by the reaction of secondary amines with peroxynitrite and other reactive nitrogen species: comparison with nitrotyrosine formation, Chemical Research in Toxicology, 13, 301, 10.1021/tx990120o · DOI
  25. Mitch, 2002, Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) from dimethylamine during chlorination, Environmental Science & Technology, 36, 588, 10.1021/es010684q · DOI
  26. Nawrocki, 2011, Nitrosamines and water, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 189, 1, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.005 · DOI
  27. Ohta, 1982, Photochemical nitrosation of dimethylamine in aqueous-solution containing nitrite, Chemosphere, 11, 797, 10.1016/0045-6535(82)90108-4 · DOI
  28. Oya, 2008, Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) by ozonation of dyes and related compounds, Chemosphere, 73, 1724, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.026 · DOI
  29. Plumlee, 2007, Photochemical attenuation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and other nitrosamines in surface water, Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 6170, 10.1021/es070818l · DOI
  30. Plumlee, 2008, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) removal by reverse osmosis and UV treatment and analysis via LC–MS/MS, Water Research, 42, 347, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.07.022 · DOI
  31. Schäfer, 2010, Chapter 7 Micropollutants in water recycling: a case study of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) exposure from water versus food, Sustainability Science and Engineering, 2, 203, 10.1016/S1871-2711(09)00207-4 · DOI
  32. Schreiber, 2005, Influence of the order of reagent addition on NDMA formation during chloramination, Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 3811, 10.1021/es0483286 · DOI
  33. Schreiber, 2006, Nitrosamine formation pathway revisited: the importance of chloramine speciation and dissolved oxygen, Environmental Science & Technology, 40, 6007, 10.1021/es060978h · DOI
  34. Schreiber, 2006, Occurrence and fate of nitrosamines and nitrosamine precursors in wastewater-impacted surface waters using boron as a conservative tracer, Environmental Science & Technology, 40, 3203, 10.1021/es052078r · DOI
  35. Schreiber, 2007, Enhanced nitrogenous disinfection byproduct formation near the breakpoint: Implications for nitrification control, Environmental Science & Technology, 41, 7039, 10.1021/es070500t · DOI
  36. Schurter, 1995, Nonmetal redox kinetics – monochloramine, dichloramine, and trichloramine reactions with cyanide ion, Environmental Science & Technology, 29, 1127, 10.1021/es00004a035 · DOI
  37. Shah, 2011, Impact of UV disinfection combined with chlorination/chloramination on the formation of halonitromethanes and haloacetonitriles in drinking water, Environmental Science & Technology, 45, 3657, 10.1021/es104240v · DOI
  38. Shah, 2012, Trade-offs in disinfection byproduct formation associated with precursor preoxidation for control of N-nitrosodimethylamine formation, Environmental Science & Technology, 46, 4809, 10.1021/es204717j · DOI
  39. Shang, 1999, Differentiation and quatification of free chlorine and inorganic chloramines in aqueous solution by MIMS, Environmental Science & Technology, 33, 2218, 10.1021/es9812103 · DOI
  40. Sharma, 2012, Kinetics and mechanism of formation and destruction of N-nitrosodimethylamine in water – a review, Separation and Purification Technology, 88, 1, 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.11.028 · DOI
  41. Soulard, 1981, Diagrams of existence of chloramines and bromamines in aqueous solution, Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, 12, 2300, 10.1039/dt9810002300 · DOI
  42. Stefan, 2002, UV direct photolysis of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA): kinetic and product study, Helvetica Chimica Acta, 85, 1416, 10.1002/1522-2675(200205)85:5<1416::AID-HLCA1416>3.0.CO;2-I · DOI
  43. Sturzenegger, V., 1989. Photochemical Formation and Degradation of Hydrogen Peroxides in Surface Waters (German). ETH Zürich. Dissertation nr. 9004.
  44. Tricker, 1991, N-nitroso compounds in cigarette tobacco and their occurrence in mainstream tobacco-smoke, Carcinogenesis, 12, 257, 10.1093/carcin/12.2.257 · DOI
  45. Tricker, 1991, Mean daily intake of volatile N-nitrosamines from foods and beverages in West-Germany in 1989–1990, Food and Chemical Toxicology, 29, 729, 10.1016/0278-6915(91)90180-F · DOI
  46. Uppu, 2000, Nitration and nitrosation by peroxynitrite: role of CO2 and evidence for common intermediates, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 122, 6911, 10.1021/ja000270h · DOI
  47. Van Huy, 2011, Occurrence and formation potential of N-nitrosodimethylamine in ground water and river water in Tokyo, Water Research, 45, 3369, 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.053 · DOI
  48. Villanueva, 2007, Bladder cancer and exposure to water disinfection by-products through ingestion, bathing, showering, and swimming in pools, American Journal of Epidemiology, 165, 148, 10.1093/aje/kwj364 · DOI · Paper page
  49. Watts, 2007, Chlorine photolysis and subsequent OH radical production during UV treatment of chlorinated water, Water Research, 41, 2871, 10.1016/j.watres.2007.03.032 · DOI
  50. Weng, 2012, Effects of UV254 irradiation on residual chlorine and DBPs in chlorination of model organic-N precursors in swimming pools, Water Research, 46, 2674, 10.1016/j.watres.2012.02.017 · DOI · Paper page
  51. Xu, 2009, Inhibiting the regeneration of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water by UV photolysis combined with ozonation, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 168, 108, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.02.014 · DOI
  52. Xu, 2009, Factors influencing the photodegradation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in drinking water, Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China, 3, 91, 10.1007/s11783-009-0013-8 · DOI
  53. Zhao, 2006, Characterization of new nitrosamines in drinking water using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, Environmental Science & Technology, 40, 7636, 10.1021/es061332s · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Soltermann, F., Lee, M., Canonica, S., & von Gunten, U.
Affiliations
  • ETH Zurich (CH)
  • Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (CH)
Corresponding author
von Gunten, Urs
ORCID
Venue
Water Research
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2013-01
Volume
47
Issue
1
Pages
79-90
ISSN
0043-1354 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.watres.2012.09.034
OpenAlex
W2006696578
Cited by
109
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5
FWCI
5.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Water Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DORA Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)) (submittedVersion)
  • Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
  • Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • California Department of Public Health
  • Bundesamt für Gesundheit
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords
nitrosamines, N-nitrosodimethylamine, monochloramine, UV irradiation, swimming pool water, disinfection by-products, morpholine, diethylamine, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, advanced oxidation processes, NDMA precursors
MeSH terms
Amines, Chloramines, Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated, Nitrosamines, Swimming Pools, Ultraviolet Rays, Water Purification

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review