A review of long-term pesticide monitoring studies to assess surface water quality trends
Open accessAbstract
Aquatic pesticide pollution from both agricultural and urban pest control is a concern in many parts of the world. Making an accurate assessment of pesticide exposure is the starting point to protecting aquatic ecosystems. This in turn requires the design of an effective monitoring program. Monitoring is also essential to evaluate the efficacy of mitigation measures aimed to curb pesticide pollution. However, empirical evidence for their efficacy can be confounded by additional influencing factors, most prominently variable weather conditions. This review summarizes the experiences gained from long-term (>5 years) pesticide monitoring studies for detecting trends and provides recommendations for their improvement. We reviewed articles published in the scientific literature, with a few complements from selected grey literature, for a total of 20 studies which fulfill our search criteria. Overall, temporal trends of pesticide use and hydrological conditions were the two most common factors influencing aquatic pesticide pollution. Eighteen studies demonstrated observable effects to surface water concentrations from changes in pesticide application rates (e.g., use restriction) and sixteen studies from interannual variability in hydrological conditions during the application period. Accounting for seasonal- and streamflow-related variability in trend analysis is important because the two factors can obscure trends caused by changes in pesticide use or management practices. Other mitigation measures (e.g., buffer strips) were only detectable in four studies where concentrations or loads were reduced by > 45%. Collecting additional agricultural (e.g., pesticide use, mitigation measures) and environmental (e.g., precipitation, stream flow) data, as well as establishing a baseline before the implementation of mitigation measures have been consistently reported as prerequisites to interpret water quality trends from long-term monitoring studies, but have rarely been implemented in the past.
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Pollution of water resources by various organic chemicals is a growing crisis worldwide.
“Pollution of water resources by various organic chemicals has been identified as a growing crisis all over the world.”
From Advanced Oxidation Processes for Degradation of Water Pollutants—Ambivalent Impact of Carbonate Species: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [6]
The Introduction (page not provided) identifies pesticide pollution as a threat to aquatic environments in many parts of the world. It does not establish that pollution by organic chemicals generally is growing or constitutes a worldwide crisis. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProsulfocarb was previously detected in surface waters several kilometres away from the application area during treatment weeks.
“Prosulfocarb was previously detected in surface waters several kil ometres away from the application area during treatment weeks (Chow et al., 2020; Devault et al., 2022; Slaby et al., 2023).”
From Occurrence of emerging and persistent organic pollutants in the rivers Cam, Ouse and Thames, UK (2025) · cites this paper as Chow et al., 2020
The ‘Toxic tradeoffs’ section says prosulfocarb can contaminate areas surrounding its application through vapour drift and reports its detection in precipitation and atmospheric deposition. It does not report detection in surface waters several kilometres away or specify treatment weeks; the Introduction’s general discussion of pesticide concentrations in streams does not establish those details for prosulfocarb. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Chow, R., Scheidegger, R., Doppler, T., Dietzel, A., Fenicia, F., & Stamm, C.
- Affiliations
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Chow, R.
- Venue
- Water Research X
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 100064
- ISSN
- 2589-9147 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7501075
- OpenAlex
- W3084398703
- Cited by
- 156
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 17
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Water Research X (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DORA Eawag (Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag)) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Pesticide Residue Analysis and Safety
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Soil and Water Nutrient Dynamics
- Keywords
- pesticide contamination, surface water quality, long-term monitoring, temporal trends, agricultural pesticides, urban pest control, hydrological conditions, streamflow variability, mitigation measures, buffer strips, pesticide load, baseline data
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