Rapid evolution of the compact and unusual mitochondrial genome in the ctenophore, Pleurobrachia bachei
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Ctenophores are one of the most basally branching lineages of metazoans with the largest mitochondrial organelles in the animal kingdom. We sequenced the mitochondrial (mtDNA) genome from the Pacific cidipid ctenophore, Pleurobrachia bachei. The circular mitochondrial genome is 11,016 nts, with only 12 genes, and one of the smallest metazoan mtDNA genomes recorded. The protein coding genes are intronless cox1-3, cob, nad1, 3, 4, 4L and 5. The nad2 and 6 genes are represented as short fragments whereas the atp6 gene was found in the nuclear genome. Only the large ribosomal RNA subunit and two tRNAs were present with possibly the small subunit unidentifiable due to extensive fragmentation. The observed unique features of this mitochondrial genome suggest that nuclear and mitochondrial genomes have evolved at very different rates. This reduced mtDNA genome sharply contrasts with the very large sizes of mtDNA found in other basal metazoans including Porifera (sponges), and Placozoa (Trichoplax).
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Phylogenetic analyses with Ctenophora represented by Pleurobrachia and Mnemiopsis suggest the placement of Ctenophora as the most basal animal lineage.
“Althoughrelationshipsamongbasalanimallineagesarecontroversial 1,10-16 , our analyses (Supplementary Data 4) with Ctenophora represented by Pleurobrachia and Mnemiopsis suggest the placement of Ctenophora as the most basal animal lineage (Fig. 1 and Extended Data Fig. 3).”
From The ctenophore genome and the evolutionary origins of neural systems (2014) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Kohn, A. B., Citarella, M. R., Kocot, K. M., Bobkova, Y. V., Halanych, K. M., & Moroz, L. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Auburn University (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Moroz, Leonid L.
- Venue
- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 203-207
- ISSN
- 1055-7903 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4024468
- OpenAlex
- W2070787137
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Research Foundation
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH097062)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R21DA030118)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM097502)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS060762)
- National Center for Research Resources (R21RR025699)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
- Keywords
- Pleurobrachia bachei, ctenophores, mitochondrial genome, intronless genes, gene fragmentation, nuclear genome evolution, basal metazoans, sponges, Placozoa, Trichoplax, genome size evolution
- MeSH terms
- Animals, DNA, Mitochondrial, Phylogeny, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Evolution, Molecular, Ctenophora, Genes, Mitochondrial, Genome, Mitochondrial
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