The DOI matches its Crossref record; 55 of the 56 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The nested case-control study in cardiology
Abstract
Background The nested case-control study is an efficient epidemiological design whereby a case-control approach is employed within an established cohort. The large number of recent prospective studies and randomized trials conducted in cardiology provide cohorts within which the nested case-control approach is increasingly used. Methods This paper describes the design of the nested case-control study, and evaluates its role in cardiology by reviewing all such studies indexed in Medline from 1966 to 2000. The example of homocysteine is used to illustrate how discrepancies between results of nested case-control and case-control studies played an important role in the decisions and recommendations of national and international organizations. Results Seventy-seven nested case-control studies in cardiology were reviewed. The number of studies per year has been increasing since the first publication in 1987. The majority (96%) of studies evaluated potential risk factors for cardiovascular disease while the remainder evaluated drugs with cardiac adverse effects. In studies of homocysteine and coronary artery disease, nested case-control studies did not confirm the strong association suggested by early case-control studies that may have been influenced by bias (eg, selection, publication, or reverse causality). This led national and international organizations to advise against routine screening. Conclusions The nested case-control study is increasingly used to study causal relationships in cardiology. The large cohorts of cardiac patients created by prospective studies, clinical trials, and administrative databases should be exploited using this methodology to assess potential cardiac risk factors and other causal relationships that cannot be studied in randomized trials.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The nested case-control design is commonly used in pharmacosurveillance research and provides estimates of effects that are consistent with those obtained from time to event analysis.67 68 69 70”
From Levothyroxine dose and risk of fractures in older adults: nested case-control study (2011) · cites this paper as [68]
Citations
Cites
Statistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data From Retrospective Studies of Disease
(1959) · JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/22.4.719 · Cited by 14,689
A Quantitative Assessment of Plasma Homocysteine as a Risk Factor for Vascular Disease
Boushey, C. J. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1995.03530130055028 · Cited by 3,708
Equipoise and the Ethics of Clinical Research
Freedman, B. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198707163170304 · Cited by 2,339
Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., & Lash, T. L. (1998) · Cited by 2,096
Homocysteine and Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke: A Meta-analysis
Homocysteine Studies Collaboration (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.16.2015 · Cited by 2,059
A Prospective Study of Plasma Homocyst(e)ine and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in US Physicians
Stampfer, M. J. (1992) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1992.03490070059042 · Cited by 1,705
A Case-Cohort Design for Epidemiologic Cohort Studies and Disease Prevention Trials
Prentice, R. L. (1986) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/73.1.1 · Cited by 1,444
Selection of Controls in Case-Control Studies
Wacholder, S., McLaughlin, J. K., Silverman, D. T., & Mandel, J. S. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116396 · Cited by 998
Homocyst(e)ine and Cardiovascular Disease: A Critical Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence
Eikelboom, J. W., Lonn, E., Genest, J. J., Hankey, G. J., & Yusuf, S. (1999) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-131-5-199909070-00008 · Cited by 908
Self-citationSerum Total Homocysteine and Coronary Heart Disease
Arnesen, E., Refsum, H., Bønaa, K. H., Ueland, P. M., Førde, O. H., & Nordrehaug, J. E. (1995) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/24.4.704 · Cited by 650
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- 1998, Coronary artery disease, Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis, 8, 229
- Booth, 2000, Preventive health care, 2000 update, CMAJ, 163, 21
- Genest, 2000, Homocysteine, CMAJ, 163, 37
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–173 of 173
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and the Risk of AKI
Renoux, C., Lix, L. M., Patenaude, V., Bresee, L. C., Paterson, J. M., Lafrance, J., Tamim, H., Mahmud, S. M., Alsabbagh, M. W., Hemmelgarn, B. R., et al. (2015) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.11271114 · Cited by 15
Hallas, J., Christensen, R. D., Stürmer, T., & Pottegård, A. (2014) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.3635 · Cited by 15
Magic Mirror, On the Wall—Which Is the Right Study Design of Them All?—Part II
Vetter, T. R. (2017) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000002140 · Cited by 13
Statistical Methods in Cancer Epidemiological Studies
Xue, X., & Hoover, D. R. (2008) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-416-2_13 · Cited by 13
Glucocorticoid treatment is associated with ICU-acquired hypernatremia: a nested case–control study
Imaizumi, T., Nakatochi, M., Fujita, Y., Yamamoto, R., Watanabe, K., Maekawa, M., Yamawaka, T., Katsuno, T., & Maruyama, S. (2020) · Clinical and Experimental Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s10157-020-01967-9 · Cited by 12
Bérard, A., Strom, S., Zhao, J., Kori, S. H., & Albrecht, D. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97092-y · Cited by 12
Associations between serum folate and vitamin D levels and incident mouse sensitization in adults
Keet, C. A., Shreffler, W. G., Peng, R. D., Matsui, W. H., & Matsui, E. C. (2013) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.09.042 · Cited by 13
“With incidence-density sampling, each subject’s eligibility to be a control was assessed at the same follow-up time as each incident case; thus, each subject could be a control for more than one case, and cases who became mouse sensitized at later follow-up dates could serve as controls for cases presenting earlier(17…”
BackgroundDrug overdose and the risk of cardiovascular diseases: a nested case–control study
Gan, W., Buxton, J. A., Palis, H., Janjua, N. Z., Scheuermeyer, F. X., Xavier, C. G., Zhao, B., Desai, R., & Slaunwhite, A. (2021) · Clinical Research in Cardiology · doi:10.1007/s00392-021-01945-5 · Cited by 12
Karason, K., Girerd, N., Andersson‐Assarsson, J. C., Duarte, K., Taube, M., Svensson, P., Huby, A.-C., Peltonen, M., Carlsson, L. M. S., & Zannad, F. M. (2022) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-022-01194-0 · Cited by 11
“eligible to be selected as a control up until the time at which they became a case) [13].”
BackgroundEffects of β2‐Adrenergic Agonists on Risk of Parkinson's Disease in COPD: A Population‐Based Study
Chen, W., Sadatsafavi, M., Tavakoli, H., Samii, A., & Etminan, M. (2020) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1002/phar.2383 · Cited by 11
“Such densitybased control selection generates rate ratios (RR) that closely approximate the hazard ratio from a full cohort analysis.(27) Only individuals who had 4 years or more follow-up after the first COPD diagnosis were included.”
MethodEtminan, M., Khosrow‐Khavar, F., Sodhi, M., Carleton, B., Magee, L. A., Tremlett, H. L., Kezouh, A., & Sheldon, C. A. (2020) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.14480 · Cited by 10
Statin medications and the risk of gynecomastia
Skeldon, S., Carleton, B., Brophy, J. M., Sodhi, M., & Etminan, M. (2018) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13794 · Cited by 10
Trick or treat: The effect of placebo on the power of pharmacogenetic association studies
Singer, C., Grossman, I., Avidan, N., Beckmann, J. S., & Pe’er, I. (2005) · Human Genomics · doi:10.1186/1479-7364-2-1-28 · Cited by 10
“Drug response was simplistically treated as a binary trait, and marker allele frequencies were then compared between responders (cases) and non-responders (controls), similar to a case-control design nested within a cohort.(13) Power was estimated by simulation, as in the study by Long and Langley,(10) and association…”
MethodHemostasis biomarkers and risk of sepsis: the REGARDS cohort
Moore, J. X., Zakai, N. A., Mahalingam, M., Griffin, R. L., Irvin, M. R., Safford, M. M., Baddley, J. W., & Wang, H. E. (2016) · Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1111/jth.13446 · Cited by 10
Brennan, M. B., Guihan, M., Budiman‐Mak, E., Kang, H., Lobo, J. M., Sutherland, B. L., Emanuele, N., Huang, E. S., & Sohn, M. (2018) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000001783 · Cited by 9
“Up to five controls were randomly selected for each case (n1⁄4 340 344; average four controls per case) [17,18].”
Manis, D. R., Kirkwood, D. H., Li, W., Webber, C., Fisher, S., Tanuseputro, P., Watt, J. A., Backman, C., Stall, N. M., & Costa, A. P. (2024) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105270 · Cited by 8
Uematsu, T., Nojiri, S., Urasaki, W., & Nishizaki, Y. (2025) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-025-02372-z · Cited by 8
“This indicates that despite the dif fi culty of precisely de fi n-ing the study base in traditional case – control studies, nested case – control studies have information available for all members of the cohort [19].”
Avery, E. F., Kleynhans, J. N., Ledergerber, B., Schoepf, I. C., Thorball, C. W., Kootstra, N. A., Reiss, P., Ryom, L., Braun, D. L., Thurnheer, M. C., et al. (2023) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciad033 · Cited by 8
Søgaard, M., Skjøth, F., Behrendt, C., Nicolajsen, C. W., Højen, A. A., Dahl, M., Petersen, C. N., & Ørskov, M. (2025) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejvs.2025.09.015 · Cited by 8
Tompkins, L. K., Baggs, J. M., Myers, T. R., Gee, J. M., Marquez, P., Kennedy, S. B., Peake, D., Dua, D., Hause, A. M., Strid, P., et al. (2022) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.073 · Cited by 8
“Consistent with our study design, we allowed a registrant to be selected as a control for multiple case-patients, and we allowed a registrant to be selected as a control prior to meeting the case definition [9,10].”
Adherence to antidiabetic drug therapy and reduction of fatal events in elderly frail patients
Rea, F., Savaré, L., Valsassina, V., Ciardullo, S., Perseghin, G., Corrao, G., & Mancia, G. (2023) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-023-01786-8 · Cited by 9
“The case–control study consists of four steps: (i) cohort selection, (ii) case definition and selection, (iii) for each case, identification of all possible controls, and (iv) random selection of m controls for each case [20].”
MethodAnti-migraine medications safety during pregnancy in the US
Bérard, A., Strom, S. C., Albrecht, D., & Kori, S. H. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1481378 · Cited by 7
Johansson, K., Jansson, J., Johansson, L., Ekblom, K., & Lind, M. M. (2020) · Thrombosis Research · doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2020.07.003 · Cited by 7
Risk of sexual dysfunction with progestin-based contraceptives in women of child-bearing age
Guo, M., Sodhi, M., Khosrow‐Khavar, F., & Etminan, M. (2020) · European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00228-020-02983-0 · Cited by 7
“This density sampling approach in control selection has been shown to generate odds ratios that closely approximate the incidence-rate ratios (RRs) [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialCoronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery Outcomes Following 6.5 Years: A Nested Case–control Study
Jahangiry, L., Najafi, M., Farhangi, M. A., & Jafarabadi, M. A. (2017) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_250_16 · Cited by 6
“[13] Case–control (cross‐sectional) studies have evaluated the long‐term outcomes of CABG patients.[14] However, an unselected study of risk factors for death among CABG patients in long term has not been previously performed in Iran.”
BackgroundRisk of Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome (PTCS) with hormonal contraceptive use
Sodhi, M., Sheldon, C. A., Carleton, B., & Etminan, M. (2018) · International Journal of Reproduction Contraception Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20180854 · Cited by 5
“This density-based sampling approach of control selection has shown to generate odds ratios (ORs) that closely approximately rate ratios (RR).(11)”
BackgroundOral fluoroquinolones and risk of fibromyalgia
Ganjizadeh‐Zavareh, S., Sodhi, M., Spangehl, T., Carleton, B., & Etminan, M. (2018) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.13765 · Cited by 5
Rational use of antibiotics for upper respiratory infections: an evidence-based approach.
Ware, J. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Causal Inference for Case-Control Studies
Rose, S. (2011) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 5
Identifying risk of type 2 diabetes : epidemiologic perspectives from biomarkers to lifestyle
Norberg, M. (2006) · DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) · Cited by 5
Bittner, V., WENGER, N. K., Waters, D. D., DeMicco, D. A., Messig, M., & LaRosa, J. C. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(10)61571-9 · Cited by 4
The association between hormonal contraceptive use and glaucoma in women of reproductive age
Hogden, K., Mikelberg, F. S., Sodhi, M., Khosrow‐Khavar, F., Mansournia, M. A., Kezouh, A., & Etminan, M. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.14920 · Cited by 4
“The advantage of this design is that confounders are examined in a timedependent fashion and complexities that might arise from the analysis of the entire dataset will be mitigated.(8,9) Moreover, the design allows for close estimation of the incidence rate ratio (IRR) from the odds ratio (OR).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDoes low-density lipoprotein fully explain atherosclerotic risk in familial hypercholesterolemia?
Clarke, S. L. (2023) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000868 · Cited by 4
“We therefore employed a nested casecontrol study design that used incidence density sampling to create case–control sets that were appropriately matched on etiologic exposure window [25].”
MethodDarwich, R., Etminan, M., He, B., & Eadie, B. D. (2024) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-024-03100-6 · Cited by 5
“This density-based sampling manner of control selection produces adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) that are close approximations of the odds ratio [18].”
Saepudin, S., Ball, P., & Morrissey, H. (2016) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-016-0296-3 · Cited by 4
“Although a higher case:control ratio will decrease variability estimates, the ratio of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 between case and control have shown similar estimates of accuracy compared to the full study population [10, 11].”
ResultUse of medroxyprogesterone acetate and risk of meningiomas: a comparative safety study
Frey, C., Sodhi, M., Fatehi, M., Kezouh, A., & Etminan, M. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1080/14740338.2025.2526787 · Cited by 3
Can routine chest radiography be used to diagnose mild COPD? A nested case-control study
den Harder, A. M., Snoek, A. M. P., Leiner, T., Suyker, W. J. L., de Heer, L. M., Budde, R. P. J., Lammers, J. J., de Jong, P. A., & Gondrie, M. J. A. (2017) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.05.007 · Cited by 3
“12 case-control design to a cohort design have found that this is a valid and efficient study design [8,23,24].”
BackgroundPotentially Avoidable Hospitalization among Long-Term Care Insurance Beneficiaries with Dementia
Kim, J., & Lee, Y. (2020) · Korean Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.4082/kjfm.18.0184 · Cited by 3
Huang, Y., Agarwal, S. K., Chatterjee, S., Chen, H., Johnson, M. L., & Aparasu, R. R. (2023) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-023-06709-2 · Cited by 3
“The nested case-control study design was selected to evaluate the association between DMARD use and CV risk [26].”
Santucci, C., Franchi, M., Staszewsky, L. I., Vecchia, C. L., Latini, R., Merlino, L. G., Corrao, G., & Bosetti, C. (2018) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2018.10.006 · Cited by 3
Jongen, P. J. (2019) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2019.07.006 · Cited by 5
Hossain, M. B., Wong, H., Sadatsafavi, M., Johnston, J. C., Cook, V. J., & Karim, M. E. (2024) · Statistics in Biosciences · doi:10.1007/s12561-024-09461-6 · Cited by 2
“The matched-cohort and NCC analyses are also preferable to analysts since these approaches are thought to easily understand the exposure-outcome mechanism and improve the interpretability of the exposure effect [1, 9, 34].”
Comparison of Risk Factors of CHD in the Men and Women with MI
Ilali, E. S., & Taraghi, Z. (2010) · Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/pjbs.2010.344.347 · Cited by 2
Causal Inference for Nested Case-Control Studies using Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation
Rose, S., & van der Laan, M. J. (2009) · Collection of Biostatistics Research Archive · Cited by 2
Clinical Trial Design Methodology for Pain Outcome Studies
Vetter, T. R., & Chou, R. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-08340-9.00080-3 · Cited by 2
Study Designs for Post-Authorization Safety Studies
(2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809217-0.00004-0 · Cited by 2
Etminan, M., & Aminzadeh, K. K.-W. (2008) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0202 · Cited by 2
Garbe, E., Suissa, S., & Douros, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6625-3_31-1 · Cited by 2
Self-citationNasser, A., de Zwart, B. J., Stewart, D. J., Zielke, A. M., Blazek, K. D., Heywood, A. E., & Craig, A. T. (2024) · Australian Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2024.01.012 · Cited by 1
Types of Myocardial Infarction in People With HIV in Switzerland
Kleynhans, J. N., Cobo, N. N., Avery, E. F., Buechel, R. R., Thorball, C. W., Schoepf, I. C., Coscia, T., Braun, D. L., Colin-Benoit, E., Marzolini, C., et al. (2025) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofaf357 · Cited by 1
Strickler, C., Thorball, C. W., Schoepf, I. C., Schwenke, J. M., Hasse, B. K., Ryom, L., Thurnheer, M. C., Fux, C., Kahlert, C. R., Bernasconi, E., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0342748 · Cited by 1
“As done previously [25], we aimed to select 3 controls who were LTF-free at the LTF date of the corresponding case (matching date) [29].”
Lerman, T. T., Zahger, D., Arad, J., Gilutz, H., Reitblat, O., & Shimony, A. (2015) · European Heart Journal Acute Cardiovascular Care · doi:10.1177/2048872615584075 · Cited by 1
“73 Baseline medications Aspirin 12 (27) 22 (16) 0.”
Espinosa‐Almanza, C. J., & Gaitán‐Duarte, H. (2017) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina · doi:10.15446/revfacmed.v65n4.59769 · Cited by 1
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VARIOUS ORTHOPEDIC DISEASES IN A TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL
Nagesh, J., Guru, S. V., Lokesh, A., Niyazi, D. A., Kumar, P. V., Kumar, M., & Kumar, E. S. J. (2018) · International Research Journal of Pharmacy · doi:10.7897/2230-8407.09230 · Cited by 1
Yu, S., Sodhi, M., Rezaeianzadeh, R., Eadie, B. D., & Etminan, M. (2024) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-024-03282-z · Cited by 1
“A density-based sampling approach was used where a control subject can be used as a future case and can be used more than once [23].”
Wennberg, P. (2009) · DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) · Cited by 1
Sequential Analysis of Longitudinal Data in a Prospective Nested Case–Control Study
Park, E., & Chang, Y. I. (2009) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2009.01370.x · Cited by 1
“This is a well-known weakness of the case–control study (Essebag et al., 2003).”
BackgroundADIPOCYTE-DERIVED HORMONES AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Eriksson, M. (2010) · DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) · Cited by 1
van Zaane, B. (2009) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Rutten, F. H. (2005) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Certain Antidepressants Linked With Higher Miscarriage Risk
Arehart-Treichel, J. (2010) · Psychiatric News · doi:10.1176/pn.45.14.psychnews_45_14_025
Risk markers for a first myocardial infarction
Thøgersen, A. M. (2005) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Determinants of adverse events during oral anticoagulant treatment
Lind, M. M. (2012) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Renoux, C., Dell’Aniello, S., & Boivin, J. (2017) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.0541
Espinosa‐Almanza, C. J., Gaitán‐Duarte, H., Cruz, Ó. A. G., Sánchez-Solanilla, L. F., & Rodriguez, R. P. S. (2019) · Gazzetta Medica Italiana Archivio per le Scienze Mediche · doi:10.23736/s0393-3660.17.03704-4
Leukocyte count and new‐onset diabetes mellitus in people with HIV : A longitudinal study
Meyer, S. L., Klein, Z., Schoepf, I. C., Thorball, C., Labarile, M., Kootstra, N. A., Reiss, P., Ryom, L., Braun, D. L., Thurnheer, M. C., et al. (2025) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.70089
“…for differences in ART use and other differences during different time periods, we applied a matching procedure, incidence density sampling [25, 26]: We matched controls at the date of DM diagnosis of the corresponding case on similar observation duration and with an observation during similar…”
Stoodley, L. (2013) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona)
Partlett, C., Hall, N. J., Leaf, A., Juszczak, E., & Linsell, L. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12308399
Rea, F., Savaré, L., Valsassina, V., Ciardullo, S., Perseghin, G., Corrao, G., & Mancia, G. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.22623506
Association of leukocyte count with death in people with HIV: A longitudinal study over 24 years
Klein, Z., Meyer, S. L., Schoepf, I. C., Weber, M., Thorball, C. W., Ryom, L., Kootstra, N. A., Reiss, P., Braun, D. L., Thurnheer, M. C., et al. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0340678
Smith, C. S., Mohmand, Z., Hrycyshyn, A., Djerboua, M. K., Mann, Y., Flemming, J. A., Gill, S. S., & Bai, A. D. (2026) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2026.106764
Metadata
- Authors
- Essebag, V., Genest, J., Suissa, S., & Pilote, L.
- Affiliations
- McGill University Health Centre (CA)
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Pilote, Louise
- Venue
- American Heart Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-10
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 581-590
- ISSN
- 0002-8703 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2029994787
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Keywords
- nested case-control study, homocysteine, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular risk factors, selection bias, publication bias, reverse causality, causal inference
- MeSH terms
- Cardiology, Coronary Disease, Homocysteine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Meta-Analysis as Topic, Biomarkers, Case-Control Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
