The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Improvement in spine bone density and reduction in risk of vertebral fractures during treatment with antiresorptive drugs
Abstract
Purpose To estimate how much the improvement in bone mass accounts for the reduction in risk of vertebral fracture that has been observed in randomized trials of antiresorptive treatments for osteoporosis.Methods After a systematic search, we conducted a meta-analysis of 12 trials to describe the relation between improvement in spine bone mineral density and reduction in risk of vertebral fracture in postmenopausal women. We also used logistic models to estimate the proportion of the reduction in risk of vertebral fracture observed with alendronate in the Fracture Intervention Trial that was due to improvement in bone mineral density.Results Across the 12 trials, a 1% improvement in spine bone mineral density was associated with a 0.03 decrease (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.02 to 0.05) in the relative risk (RR) of vertebral fracture. The reductions in risk were greater than predicted from improvement in bone mineral density; for example, the model estimated that treatments predicted to reduce fracture risk by 20% (RR = 0.80), based on improvement in bone mineral density, actually reduce the risk of fracture by about 45% (RR = 0.55). In the Fracture Intervention Trial, improvement in spine bone mineral density explained 16% (95% CI: 11% to 27%) of the reduction in the risk of vertebral fracture with alendronate.Conclusion Improvement in spine bone mineral density during treatment with antiresorptive drugs accounts for a predictable but small part of the observed reduction in the risk of vertebral fracture.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The maximum total BMD loss has been previously estimated to be 69.0% relative to the astronauts’ pre-flight BMD [18], and obtained by combining data from different large studies in humans [23,24].”
From A human mission to Mars: Predicting the bone mineral density loss of astronauts (2020) · cites this paper as [23]
Citations
Cites
Black, D. M., Cummings, S. R., Karpf, D. B., Cauley, J. A., Thompson, D. E., Nevitt, M. C., Bauer, D. C., Genant, H. K., Haskell, W. L., Marcus, R., et al. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07088-2 · Cited by 3,846
Self-citationMarshall, D., Johnell, O., & Wedel, H. (1996) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7041.1254 · Cited by 3,709
Cummings, S. R. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.24.2077 · Cited by 2,277
Self-citationLiberman, U. A., Weiss, S. R., Bröll, J., Minne, H. W., Quan, H., Bell, N. H., Rodriguez-Portales, J. A., Downs, R. W., Dequeker, J., Favus, M. J., et al. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199511303332201 · Cited by 2,276
Self-citationReginster, J.-Y., Minne, H. W., Sorensen, O. H., Hooper, M., Roux, C., Brandi, M. L., Lund, B., Ethgen, D., Pack, S., Roumagnac, I., et al. (2000) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s001980050010 · Cited by 1,580
Chesnut, C. H., Silverman, S., Andriano, K., Genant, H., Gimona, A., Harris, S., Kiel, D., LeBoff, M., Maricic, M., Miller, P., et al. (2000) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(00)00490-3 · Cited by 1,122
Self-citationMarkers of bone resorption predict hip fracture in elderly women: The EPIDOS prospective study
Garnero, P., Hausherr, E., Chapuy, M. C., Marcelli, C., Grandjean, H., Müller, C., Cormier, C., Bréart, G., Meunier, P. J., & Delmas, P. D. (1996) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.5650111021 · Cited by 984
Intermittent Cyclical Etidronate Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Watts, N. B., Harris, S. T., Genant, H. K., Wasnich, R. D., Miller, P. D., Jackson, R. D., Licata, A. A., Ross, P. D., Woodson, G. C., Yanover, M., et al. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199007123230201 · Cited by 947
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Cummings, 1996, Changes in BMD substantially underestimate the anti-fracture effects of alendronate and other antiresorptive drugs, J Bone Miner Res, 11, S102
- Genant, 1998, Chronic intermittent cyclical administration of tiludronate in postmenopausal osteoporosis, Bone, 23, S175
- Black, 1993, Prediction of new vertebral deformities, J Bone Miner Res, 8, S135
- Cann, 1999, PTH effects in the femur, J Bone Miner Res, 14, S137
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–700 of 751
Mellibovsky, L., & Díez‐Pérez, A. (2006) · Seminarios de la Fundación Española de Reumatología · doi:10.1016/s1577-3566(06)75096-5 · Cited by 2
Sensitivity in statistical evaluation of biomarkers
Li, W., Qu, Y., & Kulkarni, P. M. (2013) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.5794 · Cited by 2
Clarke, B. L. (2010) · Yearbook of Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0084-3741(10)79500-7 · Cited by 2
FACULTE MIXTE DE MEDECINE ET DE PHARMACIE DE ROUEN
Eltchaninoff, H., Lacroix, D., & Savoure, D. A. (2013) · Cited by 2
Optimizing the Skeletal Benefits of Mechanical Loading and Exercise
Warden, S. J., & Fuchs, R. K. (2011) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b11228-7 · Cited by 2
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)
Sambrook, P. N. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-03437-1.50022-1 · Cited by 2
Forecasting Postflight Hip Fracture Probability Using Probabilistic Modeling
Lewandowski, B. E., & Myers, J. G. (2018) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4041164 · Cited by 2
PTH and PTHrP Analogs: Treatment of Osteoporosis
Tabacco, G., & Bilezikian, J. P. (2020) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69287-6_17 · Cited by 2
Monitoring Changes in Bone Density
Bonnick, S. L. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-499-9_11 · Cited by 2
Osteoporozda Farmakolojik Tedavinin İzlemi
... (2012) · Turkish Journal of Osteoporosis · doi:10.4274/tod.37450 · Cited by 2
Silverman, S. L. (2003) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-0690(02)00070-8 · Cited by 2
Suivi des traitements de l’ostéoporose
Lespessailles, É. (2006) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/s0755-4982(06)74852-7 · Cited by 2
Kobayashi, H., & Hamaya, E. (2005) · Folia Pharmacologica Japonica · doi:10.1254/fpj.125.37 · Cited by 2
Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Treatment Update
Wong, E. K. C., & Παπαϊωάννου, Α. (2018) · Current Treatment Options in Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s40674-018-0098-y · Cited by 2
Combination Therapy for Osteoporosis: What Do the Data Show Us?
Miller, P. D. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-03437-1.50027-0 · Cited by 2
Pathophysiology and Epidemiology of Osteoporosis
Stevens, N. M., & Konda, S. R. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33861-9_2 · Cited by 2
Monitoring the Initial Response to Treatment
Bell, K., Craig, J. C., & Irwig, L. (2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470696323.ch6 · Cited by 2
Hormone and Exercise‐Induced Modulation of Bone Metabolism
Rosen, C. J. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470757826.ch28 · Cited by 2
Determinants of bone strength and clinical practice; effects of bisphosphonates
Papapoulos, S. E. (2007) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.08.003 · Cited by 2
Current roles and realities of noninvasive assessment of osteoporosis
Burke, M. S. (2004) · Current Opinion in Internal Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.med.0000145446.27182.78 · Cited by 2
Lessons from osteoporosis clinical trials
Silverman, S. L. (2006) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2006.04.006 · Cited by 2
Meeting report from the 24th annual meeting of the American society for bone and mineral research
Black, D. M., Bouillon, R., Ducy, P. F., Miller, P. D., Papapoulos, S. E., Ralston, S. H., Ross, P. A., Schipani, E., Seeman, E., Strewler, G. J., et al. (2002) · BoneKEy-Osteovision · doi:10.1138/2002065 · Cited by 2
Self-citationArmas, L. A. G., & Recker, R. R. (2012) · Cited by 2
Comparison of hr-pQCT & MRTA to DXA & QUS for the Ex-vivo Assessment of Bone Strength
Ally, I. A. L. (2010) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 2
Pande, I., & Hosking, D. J. (2004) · Current Osteoporosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11914-996-0010-9 · Cited by 2
Response to Letter to the Editor
Delmas, P. D., & Seeman, E. (2004) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2004.08.014 · Cited by 2
Dick, A., Stoeckel, M., Ruzzene, M., von Sadovszky, T., Simon, J. E., Clark, L. A., Warden, S. J., Manini, T. M., Lyssikatos, C., Hart, T., et al. (2025) · JBMR Plus · doi:10.1093/jbmrpl/ziaf116 · Cited by 1
Yang, K., Lu, C., Sun, X., Zhu, X., Shi, H., & Ding, H. (2025) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-025-03499-y · Cited by 1
Monitoring DXA Measurement in Clinical Practice
Maghraoui, A. E. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/30573 · Cited by 1
Testosterone Therapy for Osteoporosis in Men
Lakshman, K. M., Bhasin, S., & Araujo, A. B. (2010) · Osteoporosis in Men · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374602-3.00056-0 · Cited by 1
Ostéoporose : critères de diagnostic et de suivi. L’outil FRAX®. Scores radiologiques
Briot, K. (2010) · Revue du Rhumatisme Monographies · doi:10.1016/j.monrhu.2010.01.009 · Cited by 1
Adherence and Monitoring of Osteoporosis Therapy
Bartl, R., & Frisch, B. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-79527-8_22 · Cited by 1
Heaney, R. P. (2007) · Future Rheumatology · doi:10.2217/17460816.2.1.105 · Cited by 1
Treatment and Prevention of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
Micheletti, R. G., Murrell, D. F., & Werth, V. P. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45698-9_63 · Cited by 2
One Year Zoledronic Acid Therapy In Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
(2007) · The Internet Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.5580/96f · Cited by 1
DISORDERS OF CALCIUM METABOLISM AND BONE MINERALIZATION
Clarke, B. L., & Khosla, S. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3291-5.50043-3 · Cited by 1
Possibilities for treatment of osteoporosis
Růžičková, O. (2017) · Interní medicína pro praxi · doi:10.36290/int.2017.039 · Cited by 1
Bone Health: Basic and Applied Bone Biology
Miedany, Y. M. E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87950-1_1 · Cited by 1
Skeletal heterogeneity and the purposes of bone remodeling
PARFITT, A. M. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813073-5.00030-7 · Cited by 1
Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover
Garnero, P. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-03437-1.50017-8 · Cited by 1
Modeling and Experimental Results for Microwave Imaging of a Hip with Emphasis on the Femoral Neck
Adams, J., Serano, P. J., & Nazarian, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15451-5_10 · Cited by 1
Vertebral body density role in determining vertebral osteoporotic fracture type and its progression
Smorgick, Y., Pelleg‐Kallevag, R., Lindner, D., Anekstein, Y., Goldstein, S., & May, H. (2024) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.24219 · Cited by 1
The Benefits of Physical Activity on Climacteric Women
Bittar, S. T., de Macêdo, J. O. R., Neto, E. A. P., da Silva, H. G., Pfeiffer, P. A. D. S., Padilha, J. A., dos Santos, W. V., & de Sousa, M. D. S. C. (2017) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.68829 · Cited by 1
Physical Activity to Promote Bone Health in Adolescents
Warden, S. J., & Fuchs, R. K. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72880-3_4 · Cited by 2
Genetic determinants of bone mass and osteoporotic fracture
Hsu, Y., Farber, C. R., & Kiel, D. P. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814841-9.00068-3 · Cited by 1
Dual x-ray absorptiometry and measurement of bone
Bonnick, S. L. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00044-9 · Cited by 1
Li, W., Xu, J. M., Zhao, J., Guo, H., & Sun, J. (2020) · International Conference on Biological Information and Biomedical Engineering (BIBE) · doi:10.1145/3403782.3403814 · Cited by 1
Monitoring der medikamentösen Osteoporosetherapie
Bartl, R., & Bärtl, C. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-62528-6_23 · Cited by 1
Engelke, K., Genant, H. K., & Griffith, J. F. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814841-9.00080-4 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLong-term bisphosphonates for osteoporosis: An introduction
Strewler, G. J. (2005) · BoneKEy-Osteovision · doi:10.1138/20050143 · Cited by 1
How does raloxifene reduce fracture risk?
McClung, M. R. (2002) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/00042192-200209000-00002 · Cited by 1
Pande, I., & Hosking, D. J. (2004) · Current Osteoporosis Reports · doi:10.1007/bf02686924 · Cited by 2
Meeting report from the 25th annual meeting of the American society for bone and mineral research
Blumsohn, A., Faccio, R., Jiang, Y., Karsenty, G., Klein, R. F., Kotowicz, M. A., Reid, I. R., Robey, P. G., Seeman, E., & Strewler, G. J. (2003) · BoneKEy-Osteovision · doi:10.1138/20030112 · Cited by 1
Bisphosphonate Therapy for the Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Devogelaer, J., Boutsen, Y., & Manicourt, D. H. (2005) · Aging Health · doi:10.2217/1745509x.1.3.459 · Cited by 1
Use of Alendronate After 5 Years of Treatment—Reply
Black, D. M., Schwartz, A. V., Cummings, S. R., Cauley, J. A., & Palermo, L. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.18.1980 · Cited by 1
Self-citationGenetic determinants of bone strength and fracture in humans: dreams and realities
Ferrari, S. (2003) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-003-1481-5 · Cited by 1
Eviö, S. (2006) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 1
Ellis, C. (2013) · Cited by 1
Trabecular Microarchitecture, Endplate Failure, and the Biomechanics of Human Vertebral Fractures
Fields, A. J. (2010) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 1
Schumacher, Y. (2013) · QSpace (Queen's University Library) · Cited by 1
Terndrup, H. F. (2016) · DigitalCommons - CalPoly (California State Polytechnic University) · doi:10.15368/theses.2016.119 · Cited by 1
Diagnostik und Therapie der Osteoporose. Teil 2. Präventive und therapeutische Massnahmen
Meier, C., Seibel, M. J., & Kraenzlin, M. (2006) · Swiss Medical Forum ‒ Schweizerisches Medizin-Forum · doi:10.4414/smf.2006.05939 · Cited by 1
Calcitonin in the Treatment of Osteoporosis
Silverman, S. L. (2006) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-03437-1.50024-5 · Cited by 1
Monitoring Changes in Bone Density
Bonnick, S. L. (2004) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-659-1_11 · Cited by 1
Clark, B. C., Manini, T. M., Simon, J. E., Clark, L. A., Lyssikatos, C., & Warden, S. J. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.08.28.25334655 · Cited by 1
Treatment Strategies in Osteoporosis
Bartl, R., & Bärtl, C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-21885-8_23
Diet, Osteoporosis, and Fracture Prevention: The Totality of the Evidence
Heaney, R. P. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-542-2_19
Atypical osteoporotic fractures: impact on therapeutic decision making in osteoporosis.
Ish‐Shalom, S. (2014) · PubMed
Monitoring Therapy for Osteoporosis
Lewiecki, E. M. (2013) · doi:10.1002/9781118316290.ch15
Medikamentöse Therapie der Osteoporose
Resch, H., & Muschitz, C. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-211-32315-5_2
Cole, J. H. (2007) · eCommons (Cornell University)
Is monitoring osteoporosis therapy worthwhile?
Compston, J. E. (2009) · IBMS BoneKEy · doi:10.1138/20090367
Es posible la comparaci n de f rmacos head to head en osteoporosis?
Nogués, X. (2006) · Revista Española de Enfermedades Metabólicas Óseas · doi:10.1016/s1132-8460(06)75258-8
Traitement médicamenteux des ostéoporoses post-ménopausiques et cortisoniques
Roux, C. (2002) · Revue du Rhumatisme · doi:10.1016/s1169-8330(02)00426-x
Roux, C., Garnero, P., Thomas, T., Sabatier, J., Orcel, P., & Audran, M. (2004) · Revue du Rhumatisme · doi:10.1016/j.rhum.2004.07.006
Are all bisphosphonates the same?
Lindsay, R. S. (2007) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2007.03.001
Surrogate markers for the effect of antiresorptive therapies on non-vertebral fractures - a critique
Eastell, R. (2002) · BoneKEy-Osteovision · doi:10.1138/2002057
State-of-the-Art Pharmacometric Models in Osteoporosis
Kondic, A. G., Cabal, A., Fayad, G. N., Mehta, K., Kerbusch, T., & Post, T. M. (2014) · AAPS advances in the pharmaceutical sciences series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1304-6_13
Importance of reversible remodeling suppression with denosumab
Recker, R. R. (2012) · IBMS BoneKEy · doi:10.1038/bonekey.2012.51
Delaney, M. F. (2006) · The Endocrinologist · doi:10.1097/01.ten.0000203584.18296.ff
Intermittent intravenous zoledronic acid increased bone mineral density in postmenopausal women
Blank, R. D. (2002) · Evidence-based obstetrics and gynecology/Evidence-based obstetrics & gynecology · doi:10.1054/ebog.2002.0084
Osteoporosis therapy in the elderly
Kiel, D. P. (2004) · Current Opinion in Internal Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.med.0000144036.50650.66
Anatomofisiología y fisiopatología de la osteoporosis
González, J. T. C., & Viera, O. B. (2007) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)
Karnik, A. A., & Feldt, J. M. V. (2008) · Aging Health · doi:10.2217/1745509x.4.4.351
Principles of Diagnosing and Managing Postmenopausal Osteoporosis for the Podiatric Physician
McGarry, K., & Cyr, M. G. (2004) · Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association · doi:10.7547/87507315-94-2-187
Castro, A. D. M. (2007) · Revista Española de Enfermedades Metabólicas Óseas · doi:10.1016/s1132-8460(07)73507-9
Monitoring patients on osteoporosis therapy
Atmaca, A. A., & Kleerekoper, M. (2007) · Future Rheumatology · doi:10.2217/17460816.2.1.73
Osteoporosis: Beyond Bone Mineral Density (Part II)
Neustadt, J. O., & Pieczenik, S. R. (2009)
da Silva, A. G., Gilberto, J., Vieira, H. R. L., Kunii, I. S., de Lana, J. M., & Lazaretti‐Castro, M. (2011)
The effect of antiresorptive treatment on osteopontin values in osteoporosis
Koca, İ., Göğebakan, B., İğci, Y. Z., Işık, M., Boyacı, A., Tutoğlu, A., Geyik, E., İğci, M., & Ulaşlı, M. (2014) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
Ensrud, K. E., Bauer, D. C., Bell, K., Hayen, A. D., Macaskill, P., & Craig, J. C. (2009)
Self-citationBone density vs bone quality: What's a clinician to do?
Act, A. (2009)
Slyfield, C. R. (2008) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Loomis, D. A. (2009) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Bone mechanoadaptation and the influence of muscular action on bone across the lifespan
Ireland, A. (2026) · e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) · doi:10.83056/mmu.32436561
Assessment of Femoral Geometric Strength in Osteoporosis Using Hip Structure Analysis
Takada, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-4-431-55778-4_4
Metadata
- Authors
- Cummings, S. R., Karpf, D. B., Harris, F., Genant, H. K., Ensrud, K., LaCroix, A. Z., & Black, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Geron (United States) (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cummings, Steven R.
- Venue
- The American Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 281-289
- ISSN
- 0002-9343 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2110828193
- Cited by
- 752
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 8.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Menopause: Health Impacts and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Bone health and treatments
- Keywords
- osteoporosis, vertebral fractures, bone mineral density, antiresorptive agents, alendronate, postmenopausal women, Fracture Intervention Trial, fracture risk reduction, bone mass
- MeSH terms
- Bone Resorption, Female, Fractures, Spontaneous, Humans, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Spine, Bone Density, Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal, Logistic Models, Spinal Fractures, Alendronate
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review