The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Metabolic effects of progesterone
Abstract
Progesterone has important effects on carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. This steroid induces hyperinsulinemia, possibly by direct action on pancreatic islets, while promoting glycogen storage in the liver. Paradoxically, it antagonizes the effects of insulin on glucose metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Progesterone stimulates deposition of body fat but had catabolic effects on protein metabolism. Provisional evidence is offered that the steroid may influence ketone body production by the liver as well. When these steroid actions are considered together, their most relevant expression appears to be the physiologic changes observed during normal pregnancy.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Estrogen, specifically 17β-estradiol, promotes lipolysis and increases fatty acid availability while decreasing the rate of gluconeogenesis with muscle and liver glycogen sparing.”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [156]
In the citing paper
“Robust evidence exists that demonstrates the important roles estrogen and progesterone have in regulating substrate metabolism [20,24,66,70,80,82,84,154–159].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [156]
Citations
Cites
Costrini, N. V., & Kalkhoff, R. K. (1971) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci106593 · Cited by 287
Self-citationSex Steroid Influence on Hepatic Gluconeogenesis and Glycogen Formation1
Matute, M., & Kalkhoff, R. K. (1973) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-92-3-762 · Cited by 173
Self-citationSynthesis of very low density lipoproteins in the cockerel. Effects of estrogen.
Chan, L., Jackson, R. L., O’Malley, B. W., & Means, A. R. (1976) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci108481 · Cited by 164
Sex steroid influence on triglyceride metabolism.
Kim, H. J., & Kalkhoff, R. K. (1975) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci108168 · Cited by 154
Self-citationCarbohydrate Metabolism in Pregnancy and the Newborn 1978
Sutherland, H. W., & Stowers, J. M. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-66972-9 · Cited by 149
THE EFFECTS OF PROGESTERONE ON BODY WEIGHT AND COMPOSITION IN THE RAT
Hervey, E., & Hervey, G. R. (1967) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.0370361 · Cited by 133
Progesterone, Pregnancy and the Augmented Plasma Insulin Response1
Kalkhoff, R. K., JACOBSON, M., & LEMPER, D. (1970) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-31-1-24 · Cited by 130
Self-citationOckner, R. K., Lysenko, N., Manning, J. A., Monroe, S. E., & Burnett, D. A. (1980) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci109753 · Cited by 125
Kalkhoff, R. K., Kissebah, A. H., & Kim, H. J. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 119
Self-citationHomeostasis During Fasting. II. Hormone Substrate Differences Between Men and Women
Merimee, T. J., & Fineberg, S. E. (1973) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-37-5-698 · Cited by 83
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- McKerns, 1960, The mechanism of action of estrogenic hormones on metabolism, Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 16, 97
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–151 of 151
Micronized Estradiol and Progesterone: Effects on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Reproductive-Age Women
Thornton, K. L., DeFronzo, R. A., Sherwin, R. S., & Diamond, M. P. (1995) · Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation · doi:10.1177/107155769500200411 · Cited by 5
Historical Development of Progesterone Therapy
Rv, N. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5275-4_16 · Cited by 5
Hyperlipidemia of Pregnancy: Normal or Predictor of Preeclampsia
Chaudhary, S., Hiranwal, M., Chaudhary, D., & Dudi, P. (2020) · Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10006-1752 · Cited by 4
Ishikawa, A., Matsuda, T., Gam, H., Kanno, M., Yamada, M., Ikegami, N., Funaki, A., Ogata, H., Kamemoto, K., Ichihara, T., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14193896 · Cited by 4
Human versus non-human sex steroid use in hormone replacement therapies part 1: Preclinical data
Atwood, C., & Ekstein, S. F. (2018) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.003 · Cited by 4
Sabbir, M. G., Taylor, C. G., & Zahradka, P. C. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-55518/v1 · Cited by 4
Riyami, B. A., El-Tahir, M., Maskari, S. A., Johnson, E. H., & Saleh, J. (2014) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2014/510916 · Cited by 3
Impact of Sex Steroids on the Stress Response and Welfare in Female Farm Ruminants
Freitas‐de‐Melo, A., & Ungerfeld, R. (2022) · Sustainable agriculture reviews · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07496-7_1 · Cited by 3
Santos, M. P., Cauduro, L. F. R., Ferreira, M. M., Martucci, L. F., Vecchiatto, B., Vilas‐Boas, E. A., Américo, A. L. V., Pereira, R. O., Rogero, M. M., Fiorino, P., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/j.fbl2811312 · Cited by 3
Progesterone Treatment Reduces Food Intake and Body Weight in Ovariectomized Female Rats
Uchishiba, M., Yamamoto, S., Takeda, A., Arakaki, R., Arata, M., Noguchi, H., Aoki, H., Tamura, K., Maeda, T., Minato, S., et al. (2023) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109367 · Cited by 3
Biological Monitoring of Occupational Exposure to Contraceptive Drugs.
SHAMY, M. Y., SOLIMAN, O. E.-S., OSMAN, H. A., & El-Gazzar, R. (1996) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.34.267 · Cited by 3
Kanazawa, M., Watanabe, M., & Suzuki, T. (2015) · Journal of Anesthesia · doi:10.1007/s00540-015-2075-z · Cited by 3
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB)a
Bulletti, C., Flamigni, C., PREFETTO, R. A., POLLI, V., & Giacomucci, E. (1994) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21737.x · Cited by 3
Dole, A., Sims, S. T., Gan, H., Gill, N., & Beaven, C. M. (2024) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2024-0068 · Cited by 2
The Effects of Menstrual Cycle Phases on Running Repeated Sprint Ability
Nicola, S. D., Ferrier, B. K., Florida-James, G. D., & Kavaliauskas, M. (2022) · International Journal of Strength and Conditioning · doi:10.47206/ijsc.v2i1.137 · Cited by 2
Oyelola, O. O., Olusi, S. O., & Ayangade, S. O. (1991) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/0020-7292(91)90719-l · Cited by 2
PROGESTERONE INDUCED INSULIN RESISTANCE- AN ANIMAL STUDY
Kunju, S. M., & Fousia, L. (2019) · Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare · doi:10.18410/jebmh/2019/194 · Cited by 2
(2023) · Advances in Bioengineering and Biomedical Science Research · doi:10.33140/abbsr.06.03.003 · Cited by 1
Nevus lipomatosus superficialis mimicking ectopic breast tissue: A rare case report
Hwang, H. B., Yoon, S., & Hong, K. Y. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000041339 · Cited by 1
Gillis-Smith, S., Umana, E., Chavarria, T. E., Fabian, N. J., & Erdman, S. E. (2025) · Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science · doi:10.30802/aalas-jaalas-24-161 · Cited by 1
Intermediary metabolism in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes
Bonet, B., Bonet-Alavés, M., & Sánchez‐Vera, I. (2018) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781315382104-4 · Cited by 1
Osman, M. A. A., Hammed, N. A., Taha, E. H., & Elshiekh, M. (2022) · SAS Journal of Medicine · doi:10.36347/sasjm.2022.v08i03.017 · Cited by 1
Intermediary metabolism in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes
Bonet, B., Viana, M., & Sánchez‐Vera, I. (2008) · Series in maternal-fetal medicine · doi:10.3109/9781439802007.006 · Cited by 1
Exercise Metabolism and Menstrual Cycle
Fernández-del-Valle, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15485-0_7 · Cited by 1
Kumari, K., Sharan, S., & Kumar, R. (2018) · International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research [IJCMR] · doi:10.21276/ijcmr.2018.5.5.14 · Cited by 1
Smith, P. W. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00035-2 · Cited by 1
Leidenberger, F. A. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-08108-2_21 · Cited by 1
Sex steroids and gender differences in muscle, bone, and fat
Barmanray, R., & Yates, C. J. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820088-9.00006-8 · Cited by 2
The effect of progesterone hormone on the viability of flaps
Uysal, O. A. (1991) · European Journal of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1007/bf00734424 · Cited by 1
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus- Future risk for mother and child
Nilsson, C. (2013) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 1
Leidenberger, F. A. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-08110-5_21 · Cited by 1
Contraception in the Diabetic Woman
Kjos, S. L. (1993) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/s0095-5108(18)30391-9
Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel unter Gestagenen: Die Sicht des Diabetologen
Kd, H. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-52237-6_5
Grundlagen der hormonellen Beeinflussung des Lipidstoffwechsels
Patt, V. (1984) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-52237-6_8
Askin, N. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Contraceptivos y cardiopatía isquémica
García‐Bolao, I., Alegría, E., Iglesias, I., Velasco, S., Alzamora, P., & Fidalgo, M. L. (2017) · Revista de medicina de la Universidad de Navarra · doi:10.15581/021.7362
Damasceno, D. C. (2013) · Revista Brasileira de Fisiologia do Exercício · doi:10.33233/rbfe.v12i2.3325
Koç ve Boğa Abomazumunda Progesteron Reseptörünün İmmunlokalizasyonu
Liman, N., Ergen, E., Kavraal, U. K., & Karakoç, Z. (2019) · Erciyes Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.32707/ercivet.648519
A novel intervention strategy to prevent intrauterine growth restriction
Kaur, H. (2020) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)
Löfberg, I. E. (2020) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä)
Bilkish, U. S., Apsara, S., Afruz, M., Choudhury, N., Choudhury, J. Y., Begum, R., & Akhtar, H. (2022) · Scholars Journal of Applied Medical Sciences · doi:10.36347/sjams.2022.v10i10.025
Porcari, I., Bosco, M., & Uccella, S. (2022) · Encyclopedia of pathology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62345-6_5326
Stearoyl–coenzyme A desaturase enhances cell survival in human uterine leiomyoma
Komorowski, A. S., Coon, J. S., Anton, M. L., Zuberi, A., Sotos, O., Bulun, S. E., & Yin, P. (2025) · F&S Science · doi:10.1016/j.xfss.2025.01.005
PREDICTING CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DURING DIFFERENT TRIMESTERS OF IRAQI PREGNANCY
(2024) · MINAR International Journal of Applied Sciences and Technology · doi:10.47832/2717-8234.21.12
Simon, A. B., Trivedi, D., Thomas, J., Nicholson, M. S., & Harris, R. A. (2025) · Clinical Medicine Insights Endocrinology and Diabetes · doi:10.1177/11795514251394434
Al‐Maqbali, M., Al-Hashmi, K., Al‐Rasadi, K., Alriyami, M., Chowdhury, N., Edeas, M. A., & Saleh, J. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8310783/v1
Existe-t-il un microbiote placentaire ?
Gschwind, R. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/17e6f238z574fz4359z923dz6aa21459d1a2
Cabre, H. E., Hirsch, K. R., Moore, S. R., & Smith‐Ryan, A. E. (2026) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2025-0411
Röblitz, S. (2026) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/jme-25-0211
Post-weaning feeding strategies, part 1: the housed heifer
Reynolds, J., Payne, E., & Sherwin, G. (2026) · Livestock · doi:10.12968/live.2026.0019
Metadata
- Authors
- Kalkhoff, R. K.
- Affiliations
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kalkhoff, Ronald K.
- Venue
- American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1982-03
- Volume
- 142
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 735-738
- ISSN
- 0002-9378 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2145204429
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Keywords
- progesterone, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, protein metabolism, hyperinsulinemia, pancreatic islets, hepatic glycogen storage, insulin resistance, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, fat deposition, ketone synthesis, pregnancy
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Female, Humans, Insulin, Ketone Bodies, Muscles, Pregnancy, Progesterone, Proteins, Carbohydrate Metabolism, Lipid Metabolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
