Physics and chemistry of the shroud of turin

“5, 8, 9, 10”

“c) The Shroud's image is superficial as the color resides on the outer surface of the fibers that make up the threads of the cloth [8,11].”

“That wrapped the corpse of a tortured man, scourged, thorn-crowned, crucifi ed and stabbed in the side [4-6].”

“…are fibrils with the background color together with the yellowed ones that have yielded the image, we compare these hypotheses with the following characteristics (Jumper et al., 1984; Heller & Adler, 1981; Schwalbe & Rogers, 1982): (1) The known 2D properties of the negative photographic image.”

“The TS [1,2] (Turin Shroud) is a linen cloth, 4.”

“The most wide and detailed scientific analysis of the TS was performed in 1978 by the STURP (Shroud of TUrin Research Project) [1, 4] that founded the modern approach to the Relic.”

“…- encoded through the space between the body and the cloth - in a straight-line vertical direction (Jumper et al., 1984; Heller and Adler, 1981; Schwalbe and Rogers, 1982; Jackson et al., 1984, 1982, 1977; Avis et al., 1982; Tamburelli, 1981, 1982, 1985; Jackson, 1989; Ercoline et al.,…”

“This observation introduced a new age of studies resulting in a lively production of scientific papers [1, 4].”

“None of the observations made during the most recent scientific study of the Shroud in 1978 (SCHWALBE and ROGERS, 1982) bear directly on age or geographic origin.”

“The Turin Shroud (TS) (Schwalbe and Rogers, 1982; Jumper et al., 1984) is a piece of linen cloth, 4.4 m long and 1.1 m wide, on which the complete front and back images of a human body are indelibly impressed (Figure 1).”

“1 m wide that once enveloped the corpse of a scourged, thorn-crowned, and crucifi ed man stabbed in the side by a sharp object compatible with a lance [2-5].”

“…uncolored fibers on the same thread) and results from some kind of oxidation-dehydration of a very thin layer at the surface of the colored fibers (Fanti et al., 2010; Pellicori and Evans, 1981; Schwalbe and Rogers, 1982). ii) The “blood” stains, which are obviously contact imprints in “positive”.”

“Numerous bloodstains [1-5] scattered throughout the double body image of the HST show evidence that Jesus of the HST was tortured [15]: bloodstained marks all over the body image which are consistent with pre-cruci fi xion fl agellation, bloodstained marks on the head that are consistent with a…”

“The Turin Shroud (TS) is the most-studied archaeological object in the world [1,2].”

“Five out of six independent dating methods [24-26] (and the second in list has been widely criticized) indicate that this linen Sheet is datable to a period including the first century after Christ.”

“same relative concentrations of calcium, strontium and iron, probably from the retting of the flax stems [45] on main Shroud and 1973 Raes threads results; [150] [151]”

“, [14, 10]) have even suggested that the image was formed by exposure to a brief, intense source of energy coming from a body wrapped in the Shroud, and that the nature of the image within the fabric of the Shroud is consistent with such an event.”

“They have showed that the hypothesis of mediaeval forgery must be discarded (Bucklin, 1982; Heller & Adler, 1981; Jumper et al., 1984; Pellicori, 1980; Schwalbe & Rogers, 1982; Weaver, 1980).”

“(2) The mechanism of the Shroud body image formation (Antonacci, 2012; Fazio et al., 2015; Fazio & Mandaglio, 2011; Garlaschelli, 2010; Heller & Adler, 1981; Jackson, 1990; Jumper et al., 1984; Nickell, 1989; Siefker et al., 2015; Schwalbe & Rogers, 1982).”

“The Turin Shroud (TS) is a linen sheet, 4.4 m long and 1.1 m wide, that enveloped the corpse of a scourged, thorn-crowned, and crucified man stabbed in the side by an object similar to a lance (Adler, 2002; Jumper et al., 1984; Schwalbe & Rogers, 1982).”

“If the body image was formed by some of these substances, it should have been seriously a ff ected or even vanished by the fi re of 1532, as these organic materials would have been partially (or totally) decomposed or volatilized [37].”

“Several authors [3–10] have suggested that the image of the face on the Veil of Manoppello is superimposable to the image of the face of the Man of the Turin Shroud, a linen cloth indelibly impressed by the complete front and back images of a human body [11].”

“According to STURP, the yellowing of the image fibers could also have a chemical cause Actually only two scientists of the STURP, L. Schwalbe and R. Rogers, made a statement like this, but others like John Jackson [6,35] concluded that the body image was due to a burst of energy, very brief but very intense.”

“Diametrically opposite and incorrect conclusions of authenticity were obtained by non-microscopical "hi-tech" methods (4, 5).”

“Nevertheless, as Schwalbe and Rogers [16] said, the X-ray fluorescence measured by Morris et al.”

“The most important and in-depth scientific analysis of TS was performed in 1978 by STURP (Shroud of Turin Research Project) [1, 2] although no explanations for the impressed human image were put forward [3–6].”

“(4) Overall, measurements results rule out that the body imprint was painted, printed, scorched by contact with a hot bas-relief, or rubbed on a sculpture (Heller and Adler, 1981; Schwalbe et al. 1982; Jumper et al. 1984; Jackson et al. 1984).”

“…proper - ties of the TS body image and the main hypotheses proposed by scholars to explain, at least partially, some of these properties, although no hy - pothesis explains all the peculiar characteristics of the TS body image (Jumper et al. 1984; Schwalbe and Rogers 1982; Fanti, 2011; 2023).”

“The Shroud [3-12], see Figure 1 is the archaeological object, as well as religious, more studied in the world.”

“The Shroud has been studied scientifically since 1898, when the first photographs were taken, but the most detailed investigation was performed only during 5 days in October 1978 by the Shroud of Turin Research Project (STURP) ( Schwalbe and Rogers, 1982).”

“The Turin Shroud [1,2,3] (TS) is a handmade 3-1 twill linen cloth, 4.”