Esophageal Resection for Cancer of the Esophagus: Long-Term Function and Quality of Life
Open accessAbstract
Background Information on function and quality of life of long-term survivors after esophageal resection for carcinoma is limited. Methods Between 1972 and 1990, 359 patients underwent esophagectomy for stage I or II esophageal carcinoma at Mayo Clinic. We evaluated long-term function and quality of life in 107 of these patients (81 men and 26 women) who survived 5 or more years. Median age at operation was 62 years (range, 30 to 81 years). The operation performed was an Ivor Lewis resection in 77 patients (72%), transhiatal esophagectomy in 14 (13%), extended esophagectomy in 4 (4%), thoracoabdominal esophagectomy in 4 (4%), and other in 8 (7%). Adenocarcinoma was present in 72 patients (67%), squamous cell carcinoma in 28 (26%), and other in 7 (7%). Thirty-four patients (32%) were in postsurgical stage I, 65 (61%) in stage IIA, and 8 (8%) in stage IIB. Median survival was 10.2 years (range, 5.0 to 23.2 years). Follow-up was complete for all patients. Results Gastroesophageal reflux was present in 64 patients (60%), symptoms of dumping in 53 (50%), and dysphagia to solid food in 27 (25%). Seventeen patients (16%) were asymptomatic. Factors affecting late functional outcome were analyzed. Patients who had a cervical anastomosis had significantly fewer reflux symptoms (p < 0.05). Dumping syndrome occurred more frequently in younger patients (p < 0.05) and women (p < 0.01). Quality of life was assessed separately by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey and compared with the national norm. Scores measuring physical functioning were decreased (p < 0.01). Scores measuring ability to work, social interaction, daily activities, emotional dysfunction, perception of health, and levels of energy were similar. Mental health scores were higher (p < 0.05). Conclusions We conclude that long-term functional outcome after esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma is affected by age, sex, and type of reconstruction. Quality of life as judged by the patients is similar to the national norm.
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Dumping syndrome is a common complication of esophageal, gastric or bariatric surgery.
“Dumping syndrome, a common complication of esophageal, gastric or bariatric surgery, includes early and late dumping symptoms.”
From Dumping syndrome after esophageal, gastric or bariatric surgery: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
The Functional Outcome passage (page not supplied) reports postprandial dumping symptoms in 53 of 107 long-term survivors after esophageal resection, supporting that dumping is common in this group. The cited passages do not establish how common it is after gastric or bariatric surgery. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDumping syndrome has been reported to occur in approximately 20% of patients who undergo vagotomy with pyloroplasty, in up to 40% of patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy, and in up to 50% of patients who undergo esophagectomy.
“Dumping syndrome has been reported to occur in approximately 20% of patients who undergo vagotomy with pyloroplasty, in up to 40% of patients after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy, and in up to 50% of patients who undergo esophagectomy (3)(4)(5)(6)(7).”
From Dumping syndrome after esophageal, gastric or bariatric surgery: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
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Egberts, J., Schniewind, B., Bestmann, B., Schafmayer, C., Egberts, F., Faendrich, F., Kuechler, T., & Tepel, J. (2008) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-007-9615-1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Ben-David, K., Sarosi, G., Cendan, J., & Hochwald, S. (2010) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11605-010-1244-5 · Cited by 55
Ouattara, M., D'Journo, X., Loundou, A., Trousse, D., Dahan, L., Doddoli, C., Seitz, J., & Thomas, P. (2012) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezr182 · Cited by 54
“Feeding jejunostomy has been shown to be both effective and cost-efficient in the preoperative period and for long-term support in patients with cancer of the oesophagus [21–25].”
BackgroundEsophagogastrectomy: The influence of stapled versus hand-sewn anastomosis on outcome
Behzadi, A., Nichols, F., Cassivi, S., Deschamps, C., Allen, M., & Pairolero, P. (2005) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.gassur.2005.06.025 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Regardless of the surgical approach, avoiding anastomotic complications is essential for minimizing early morbidity and maximizing long-term functional results and quality of life.(8,9) Short-term devastating complications include ischemia and leak, while long-term complications include stricture formation.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationChronic symptoms after subtotal or partial oesophagectomy: diagnosis and treatment.
Lerut, T., & van Lanschot, J. V. (2004) · Best practice & research. Clinical gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2004.06.029 · Cited by 54
Efficacy and safety of EMR to completely remove Barrett's esophagus: experience in 41 patients.
Gerke, H., Siddiqui, J., Nasr, I., Handel, D. M. V., & Jensen, C. S. (2011) · Gastrointestinal Endoscopy · doi:10.1016/j.gie.2011.06.009 · Cited by 53
Young, M. M., Deschamps, C., Allen, M., Miller, D. L., Trastek, V., Schleck, C. D., & Pairolero, P. (2000) · Annals of Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0003-4975(00)01856-7 · Cited by 53
“1%) completed and returned a combined two-part questionnaire regarding esophageal function and quality of life after esophageal reconstruction [1].”
BackgroundSelf-citationQuality of life after oesophagectomy: the patients' perspective.
Kirby, J. (1999) · Diseases of the esophagus · doi:10.1046/j.1442-2050.1999.00040.x · Cited by 52
Experiences and expectations of patients after oesophageal cancer surgery: an explorative study.
Verschuur, E., Steyerberg, E., Kuipers, E., Essink-bot, M., Tran, K., van der Gaast, A., Tilanus, H., & Siersema, P. (2006) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2354.2006.00659.x · Cited by 51
Acid and Duodenogastroesophageal Reflux after Esophagectomy with Gastric Tube Reconstruction
Yuasa, N., Sasaki, E., Ikeyama, T., Miyake, H., & Nimura, Y. (2005) · American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.41109.x · Cited by 51
Surgical treatments for esophageal cancers
Allum, W., Bonavina, L., Cassivi, S., Cuesta, M. A., Dong, Z.-M., Felix, V., Figueredo, E. J., Gatenby, P. A. C., Haverkamp, L., Ibraev, M. A., et al. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12533 · Cited by 50
The Role of Identity in Adjustment among Survivors of Oesophageal Cancer
Clarke, C., McCorry, N., & Dempster, M. (2010) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105310368448 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“For oesophageal cancer survivors (following surgery) quality of life can be reduced (Lindars, 1994; McLarty et al., 1997) as a result of physical symptoms such as eating problems, reflux, cough, oesophageal pain, dry mouth, dysphagia and problems with taste (Viklund, Wengstrom, Rouvelas, Lindblad,…”
BackgroundZhang, C., Wu, Q.-C., Hou, P.-Y., Zhang, M., Li, Q., Jiang, Y.-J., & Chen, D. (2011) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2010.04.032 · Cited by 50
Quality of Life in Patients with Esophageal Cancer
Darling, G. E. (2013) · Thoracic surgery clinics/Thorac. surg. clin. · doi:10.1016/j.thorsurg.2013.07.011 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Conceptually it seems that this heterogeneity of the patient population would likely impact the HRQOL scores at least for physical and functional domains.(9,10) In a study of only patients with high-grade dysplasia, physical and emotional scores were similar or better than those for age-matched controls.”
Survival after oesophagectomy for cancer of the oesophagus
Stein, H. J., von Rahden, B. V., & Siewert, J. (2005) · Langenbeck's archives of surgery (Print) · doi:10.1007/s00423-004-0504-9 · Cited by 48
“[20] investigated long-term function after oesophagectomy, as well as quality-of life-parameters.”
BackgroundQuality of life after esophagectomy for cancer.
Sweed, M., Schiech, L., Barsevick, A., Babb, J., & Goldberg, M. (2002) · Oncology Nursing Forum · doi:10.1188/02.onf.1127-1131 · Cited by 48
“Despite improved rates of morbidity and mortality associated with curative surgical resection, some patients reportedly have experienced symptoms because of surgery (McLarty et al., 1997).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInfluence of Surgery-related Factors on Quality of Life after Esophageal or Cardia Cancer Resection
Viklund, P., Lindblad, M., & Lagergren, J. (2005) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-005-7887-9 · Cited by 47
Suboptimal intake of nutrients after esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction.
Haverkort, E., Binnekade, J., de Haan, R., Busch, O., Henegouwen, M. I. V. B., & Gouma, D. (2012) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2012.03.032 · Cited by 45
Quality of life after esophagectomy.
Fernández, F., & Meyers, B. (2004) · Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1053/j.semtcvs.2004.03.008 · Cited by 44
Straatman, J., Joosten, P. J. M., Terwee, C. B., Cuesta, M. A., Jansma, E. P., & van der Peet, D. L. (2015) · Diseases of the Esophagus · doi:10.1111/dote.12405 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Long-term function and quality of life after esophageal resection for cancer and Barrett's.
Deschamps, C., Nichols, F., Cassivi, S., Allen, M., & Pairolero, P. (2005) · Surgical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.suc.2005.01.018 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationA prospective comparison of quality of life measures for patients with esophageal cancer
Blazeby, J., Kavadas, V., Vickery, C. W., Greenwood, R., Berrisford, R., & Alderson, D. (2005) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-004-0622-4 · Cited by 41
Schmidt, C., Bestmann, B., Küchler, T., Schmid, A., & Kremer, B. (2004) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-003-7219-x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Postoperative hoarseness, daily quantity of food intake, reflux, and heartburn seem to be the most important factors for patients after esophageal resection [29].”
Blazeby, J. M. (2001) · Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1016/s0960-7404(01)00024-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Long-Term Quality of Life after Ivor Lewis Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer
Däster, S., Soysal, S., Stoll, L., Peterli, R., von Flüe, M., & Ackermann, C. (2014) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-014-2576-1 · Cited by 38
“Studies have demonstrated that, in the long term, patients without tumor recurrence after esophagectomy achieved results comparable with preoperative values, or data from a healthy reference population [13–18].”
ResultAlterations in epidermal growth factor receptors 1 and 2 in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas
Gonzaga, I., Soares-Lima, S., de Santos, P. T. S., Blanco, T., de Reis, B. S. B., Quintella, D., de Oliveira, I. M., de Faria, P. D., Kruel, C. D., Andreollo, N., et al. (2012) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-569 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“The poor prognosis of ESCC patients results from late stage diagnosis and the poor efficacy of treatment, with systemic chemotherapy having mainly a palliative role [3].”
BackgroundClinical analysis of reflux esophagitis following esophagectomy with gastric tube reconstruction
Yamamoto, S., Makuuchi, H., Shimada, H., Chino, O., Nishi, T., Kise, Y., Kenmochi, T., & Hara, T. (2007) · Journal of gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-007-2011-6 · Cited by 37
The esophageal remnant after gastric interposition.
D'Journo, X., Martin, J., Ferraro, P., & Duranceau, A. (2008) · Diseases of the esophagus · doi:10.1111/j.1442-2050.2008.00849.x · Cited by 36
Rahamim, J., Murphy, G., Awan, Y., & Junemann-Ramirez, M. (2003) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/s1010-7940(03)00034-4 · Cited by 36
Haverkamp, L., van der Sluis, P. C., Verhage, R. J. J., Siersema, P., Ruurda, J., & van Hillegersberg, R. (2013) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11605-013-2159-8 · Cited by 35
Prognostic factors in patients with submucosal esophageal cancer
Natsugoe, S., Matsumoto, M., Okumura, H., Ikeda, M., Ishigami, S., Owaki, T., Takao, S., & Aikou, T. (2004) · Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.gassur.2004.02.004 · Cited by 35
Koh, P. S., Turnbull, G., Attia, E., Lebrun, P., & Casson, A. (2004) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.ejcts.2003.12.034 · Cited by 35
“Altered swallowing after esophageal resection and reconstruction is reported frequently and may develop at any stage postoperatively, impacting significantly on quality of life [13].”
BackgroundDeloose, E., Bisschops, R., Holvoet, L., Arts, J., De Wulf, D., Caenepeel, P., Lannoo, M., Vanuytsel, T., Andrews, C., & Tack, J. (2014) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12333 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Basis for molecular diagnostics and immunotherapy for esophageal cancer
Abdo, J., Agrawal, D., & Mittal, S. (2016) · Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy · doi:10.1080/14737140.2017.1260449 · Cited by 34
“lently among white males, and patients who present with EC are an average age of 67-years old [11,12].”
BackgroundQuality of life in patients with oesophageal cancer.
Blazeby, J., Alderson, D., & Farndon, J. (2000) · Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-59600-1_20 · Cited by 34
Functional outcome after Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for cancer
Deldycke, A., van Daele, E., Ceelen, W., van Nieuwenhove, Y., & Pattyn, P. (2016) · Journal of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1002/jso.24084 · Cited by 33
“7% of the patients suffered from dysphagia, well within the range of 21–56% documented in the pertinent literature [3,8].”
BackgroundGastroparesis and Dumping Syndrome: Current Concepts and Management
Vavricka, S. R., & Greuter, T. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8081127 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Quality of life after esophagectomy for cancer
Djärv, T., & Lagergren, P. (2011) · Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1586/egh.11.91 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
- Authors
- McLarty, A. J., Deschamps, C., Trastek, V. F., Allen, M. S., Pairolero, P. C., & Harmsen, W. S.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Deschamps, Claude
- Venue
- The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-06
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1568-1571
- ISSN
- 0003-4975 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094315259
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 4.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Annals of Thoracic Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Esophageal Cancer Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Esophageal and GI Pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Gastric Cancer Management and Outcomes
- Keywords
- esophageal cancer, esophagectomy, long-term functional outcome, quality of life, gastroesophageal reflux, dumping syndrome, dysphagia, cervical anastomosis, esophageal reconstruction, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, physical function, age and sex effects, late complications, long-term survivors, SF-36
- MeSH terms
- Actuarial Analysis, Adenocarcinoma, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Cause of Death, Deglutition, Deglutition Disorders, Esophageal Neoplasms, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Heartburn, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Staging, Quality of Life, Sex Factors, Survival Rate, Confidence Intervals, Esophagectomy
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