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Carnitine biosynthesis. beta-Hydroxylation of trimethyllysine by an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent mitochondrial dioxygenase.
Open accessAbstract
Rat liver mitochondria were found to hydroxylate epsilon-N-trimethyl-L-lysine to produce beta-hydroxy-epsilon-N-trimethyl-L-lysine, an intermediate in carnitine biosynthesis. The hydroxylating system requires alpha-ketoglutarate, Fe2+, and ascorbate, but does not require NADPH nor NADH. No activity was found in the microsomal or soluble fractions of liver extracts. The hydroxylated alpha-amino acid was isolated and characterized by column chromatography using Dowex 50-H+ and Chelex 100-Cu2+ resins and by high voltage paper electrophoresis. The enzymatically produced beta-hydroxy-epsilon-N-trimethyl-L-lysine was shown to be periodate-sensitive and one periodation product was characterized as gamma-butyrobetaine aldehyde. The hydroxylated product was acted upon by crystalline serine transhydroxymethylase (EC 2.1.2.1) to yield gamma-butyrobetaine aldehyde and glycine. Conversion of about 40% of the epsilon-N-trimethyl-L-lysine to beta-hydroxy-epsilon-N-trimethyl-L-lysine was accomplished by this system with little or no further metabolism.
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Citations
Cited by
Carnitine—metabolism and functions
Bremer, J. (1983) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.1983.63.4.1420 · Cited by 1,666
Fe(II)/α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Hydroxylases and Related Enzymes
Hausinger, R. P. (2004) · Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1080/10409230490440541 · Cited by 937
Vitamin C in Human Health and Disease Is Still a Mystery? An Overview
Naidu, K. A. (2003) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-2-7 · Cited by 810
Carnitine and Acylcarnitines: Pharmacokinetic, Pharmacological and Clinical Aspects
Reuter, S. E., & Evans, A. M. (2012) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/bf03261931 · Cited by 493
Carnitine: a nutritional, biosynthetic, and functional perspective
STEIBER, A. (2004) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2004.06.006 · Cited by 446
Metadata
- Authors
- Hulse, J. D., Ellis, S. R., & Henderson, L. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1978-03
- Volume
- 253
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1654-1659
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1749735570
- Cited by
- 195
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 9.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Carnitine biosynthesis. beta-Hydroxylation of trimethyllysine by an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent mitochondrial dioxygenase. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34915-3
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- Hulse, J. D., Ellis, S. R., & Henderson, L. M. (1978). Carnitine biosynthesis. beta-Hydroxylation of trimethyllysine by an alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent mitochondrial dioxygenase. Journal of Biological Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)34915-3
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