The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The composition of sleep-promoting factor isolated from human urine.
Open accessAbstract
A sleep-promoting substance, Factor S, has been extracted and purified from large volumes of human urine. Urinary Factor S is a small glycopeptide; amino acid-amino sugar analyses of the purified material revealed a substance composed of glutamic acid, alanine, diaminopimelic acid, and muramic acid in molar ratios of 2:2:1:1. The active glycopeptide resembles bacterial peptidoglycans but the composition suggests that it is not simply of adventitious origin. Other reasons for this conclusion are also given. Infusions into the lateral ventricle of the brain of about 5 pmol/kg of body weight induce a 50% increase in slow wave sleep in rabbits. The excess sleep is normal as judged by electrophysiological and behavioral criteria; it resembles the deep sleep that occurs when animals are allowed to sleep following prolonged sleep deprivation.
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“They can activate the immune system through binding to respective PRRs, which likely leads to systemic increases of sleep regulatory substances, such as TNF and IL-1 (303, 305).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [305]
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease
Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00010.2018 · Cited by 1,479
“As outlined in the next section, the release of IL-1 and TNF appear to be key mediators of this effect.”
BackgroundInfluentialHow (and why) the immune system makes us sleep
Imeri, L., & Opp, M. R. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2576 · Cited by 710
5 Analysis of the Chemical Composition and Primary Structure of Murein
Schleifer, K. H. (1985) · Methods in microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70474-4 · Cited by 711
Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes
Garbarino, S., Lanteri, P., Bragazzi, N. L., Magnavita, N., & Scoditti, E. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4 · Cited by 665
Sleep, circadian rhythm, and gut microbiota
Matenchuk, B. A., Mandhane, P. J., & Kozyrskyj, A. L. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101340 · Cited by 495
Metadata
- Authors
- Krueger, J. M., Pappenheimer, J. R., & Karnovsky, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1982-02
- Volume
- 257
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1664-1669
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1559956276
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 10.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- glycopeptides, amino acid composition, diaminopimelic acid, muramic acid, bacterial peptidoglycan, slow-wave sleep, sleep deprivation, intraventricular infusion, rabbits
- MeSH terms
- Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine, Amino Acids, Animals, Biological Assay, Glucosamine, Glycopeptides, Humans, Male, Rabbits, Sleep
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