Cited by 253Polyamine Metabolism and ApplicationsGut microbiota and healthPharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism

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Formation of methylamines from ingested choline and lecithin.

Zeisel, S H, Wishnok, J S, Blusztajn, J K·1983·The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

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Abstract

Humans ingest substantial amounts of choline and lecithin as part of common foods. Physicians have recently begun administering large doses of these compounds to individuals with neurological diseases. A significant fraction of ingested choline is destroyed by enzymes within gut bacteria, forming trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA) and monomethylamine (MMA). Some of these methylamines are eventually excreted into the urine, presumably after being absorbed and carried to the kidneys via the bloodstream. The methylamines formed after choline is eaten could be substrates for the formation of nitrosamines, which have marked carcinogenic activity. Twenty-seven millimoles of choline chloride, choline stearate or lecithin were administered to healthy human subjects. It was found that these treatments markedly increased the urinary excretion of TMA, DMA and MMA, with choline chloride having the greatest effect. Rats were treated with 2 mmol/kg b.wt. of choline chloride or lecithin, and it was found that these treatments significantly increased urinary TMA excretion and did not alter DMA or MMA excretion. Our choline chloride preparation contained no MMA, DMA or TMA; however, it was found that our choline stearate and all the commercially available lecithins tested were contaminated with methylamines. Prior removal of methylamines from our lecithin preparation minimized the effect of oral administration of this compound on methylamine excretion in urine of rats and humans.

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Authors: Zeisel, S. H., Wishnok, J. S., & Blusztajn, J. K.
Affiliations: Boston University (US)
ORCID: Zeisel, S H
Blusztajn, J K
Venue: The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 1983-06
Volume: 225
Issue: 2
Pages: 320-324
ISSN: 0022-3565 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3565(25)33590-1
OpenAlex: W2149351827
Cited by: 253
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 0.79
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed
Funders: National Cancer Institute (P01CA026731)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Polyamine Metabolism and Applications
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism
Keywords: choline, lecithin, trimethylamine, dimethylamine, methylamine, urinary excretion, nitrosamine formation, choline chloride, dietary choline
MeSH terms: Administration, Oral, Animals, Choline, Chromatography, Gas, Dimethylamines, Drug Contamination, Humans, Methylamines, Phosphatidylcholines, Rats, Inbred Strains, Rats

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Formation of methylamines from ingested choline and lecithin.

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