Cited by 1,754Sleep and related disordersAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

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Athens Insomnia Scale: validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria

Soldatos, Constantin R, Dikeos, Dimitris G, Paparrigopoulos, Thomas J·2000·Journal of Psychosomatic Research

DOI 10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00095-7

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Abstract

Objectives To describe and validate the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS).Methods The AIS is a self-assessment psychometric instrument designed for quantifying sleep difficulty based on the ICD-10 criteria. It consists of eight items: the first five pertain to sleep induction, awakenings during the night, final awakening, total sleep duration, and sleep quality; while the last three refer to well-being, functioning capacity, and sleepiness during the day. Either the entire eight-item scale (AIS-8) or the brief five-item version (AIS-5), which contains only the first five items, can be utilized. The validation of the AIS was based on its administration to 299 subjects: 105 primary insomniacs, 144 psychiatric patients and 50 non-patient controls.Results Regarding internal consistency, for both versions of the scale, the Cronbach's alpha was around 0. 90 and the mean item-total correlation coefficient was about 0.70. Moreover, in the factor analysis, the scale emerged as a sole component. The test-retest reliability correlation coefficient was found almost 0.90 at a 1-week interval. As far as external validity is concerned, the correlations of the AIS-8 and AIS-5 with the Sleep Problems Scale were 0.90 and 0.85, respectively.Conclusion The high measures of consistency, reliability, and validity of the AIS make it an invaluable tool in sleep research and clinical practice.

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Method
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Influential
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“Eight items measuring insomnia were taken from Athene Insomnia Scale (AIS: Soldatos et al., 2000).”
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“The internal consistency and test–retest reliability of the AIS have been previously confirmed [12].”
Method
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“A higher total AIS score indicates poorer of sleep status, and 6 or above indicates a sleep disorder [21].”
BackgroundMethod
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“The respondents were asked about their sleep quality and quantity, complaints of insomnia, and daytime sleepiness using the Athens Insomnia Scale [36] and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale [37].”
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“Of the 315 participants who underwent a health check between 2021 and 2022, 103 subjects (mean age, 77.4 ± 5.0 years; males, 24; females, 79), met the inclusion criteria of this study.”
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“Some interesting paper questionnaires and techniques include [2] [13].”
Background
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“…the treat-ment, including visual analogue scale (VAS) scores [19], Pitts-burgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [20, 21], Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) [22, 23], MOS 36-item short-form health survey version 2 (SF-36v2) [24, 25], and World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief Version (WHOQOL-BREF)…”
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“All subjects were screened with subjective sleep tools, including the measurement of insomnia by the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and the assessment of excessive daytime sleepiness by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) [21,22].”
Method
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An exerci e program to improve depression nd sleep isorders in oncology patients: The SAD study
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“Finally, Athens Insomnia Score for nocturnal sleep was assessed.(20)”
Method
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“Sleep disorder was evaluated using the Athens insomnia scale (AIS), which was developed as a brief and easy to administer questionnaire for determining the severity of insomnia defined according to the International Classification of Disease Tenth Revision [12].”
Method
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“Insomnia was assessed using the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), which is a self-administered test with symptom-related questions [22].”
Method
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“AIS assesses five factors related to nocturnal sleep and three elements related to daytime dysfunction.(13) A cutoff score of ≥6 on the AIS is used to establish the diagnosis of insomnia.”
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Insomnia in older adult females is highly associated with metabolic syndrome
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“The AIS is composed of 8 items, including sleeping time, sleep disruption, premature awakening, total sleeping time, overall sleep quality, daytime physical and mental function, and daytime sleepiness [30].”
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Kimura, S., Hosoi, M., Otsuru, N., Iwasaki, M., Matsubara, T., Mizuno, Y., Nishihara, M., Murakami, T., Yamazaki, R., Ijiro, H., et al. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9091209 · Cited by 5
“The Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) is used to assess insomnia [13], which includes 8 questions.”
Method
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Moussaoui, G., Rigas, C., Escobar, S., Torres-Platas, S. G., Castel, S., Yang, M. L., Inhaber, J., Novielli, J., Amsterdam, J. V., Sasi, N., et al. (2021) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2021.1978530 · Cited by 5
“The Athens Insomnia (AIS) is an 8-item questionnaire used at baseline and 7-day follow-up (Soldatos et al., 2000).”
Method
Effect of Preoperative Chronic Opioid Use on Mortality and Morbidity in Vascular Surgical Patients
Szabó, A., Szabó, D., Tóth, K., Szécsi, B., Sándor, Á. D., Szentgróti, R., Párkányi, B., Merkely, B. P., Gal, J., & Székely, A. D. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.20484 · Cited by 5
Effects of Sports Workcation on Workers’ Health and Psychosocial Outcomes
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The reliability, validity and screening effect of the happiness index scale among inpatients in a general hospital
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Smoking-Induced Disturbed Sleep. A Distinct Sleep-Related Disorder Pattern?
Grigoriou, I., Skalisti, P., Papagiouvanni, I., Michailidou, A., Charalampidis, K., Kotoulas, S., Porpodis, Κ., Spyratos, D., & Pataka, A. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11020205 · Cited by 5
“However, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding ESS and AIS (p = 0.13, p = 0.83, respectively).”
MethodInfluential
Sleep self-report measures: a literature review
Martoni, M., & Biagi, M. (2007) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00002505 · Cited by 5
Factors associated with cognitive failure among mothers involved in child care
Iwasa, H., Yoshida, Y., Ishii, K., & Yasumura, S. (2021) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2021.1896119 · Cited by 5
“Further research is needed to examine the association between sleep problems and cognitive failure using well-validated measures of sleep problems (Johns, 1991; Soldatos et al., 2000).”
Background
The Role of Harmonious and Obsessive Work Passion and Mental Health in Professionally Active People During the COVID–19 Pandemic in Poland: The Mediating Role of the Cognitive Coping Strategies
Mudło‐Głagolska, K., & Михайлович, Л. П. (2021) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.34813/28coll2021 · Cited by 5

Authors: Soldatos, C. R., Dikeos, D. G., & Paparrigopoulos, T. J.
Affiliations: National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
Corresponding author: Soldatos, Constantin R
ORCID: Soldatos, Constantin R
Dikeos, Dimitris G
Paparrigopoulos, Thomas J
Venue: Journal of Psychosomatic Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2000-06
Volume: 48
Issue: 6
Pages: 555-560
ISSN: 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00095-7
OpenAlex: W2021553431
Cited by: 1,754
References: 34
Citations by year: 2026: 196 · 2025: 187 · 2024: 194 · 2023: 184 · 2022: 155 · 2021: 174 · 2020: 110 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 69 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 5.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: Athens Insomnia Scale, insomnia, sleep disorders, ICD-10 diagnostic criteria, self-report questionnaire, psychometric validation, sleep induction, nocturnal awakenings, sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, psychiatric patients, short-form scale
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Reproducibility of Results, Comorbidity

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Athens Insomnia Scale: validation of an instrument based on ICD-10 criteria

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