The DOI matches its Crossref record; 11 of the 11 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Order error in immediate recall of sequences
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Some participants report doing this by engaging in successive forward retrievals in order to peel off the numbers backwards (Anders & Lillyquist, 1971; Conrad, 1965; Thomas, Milner, & Haberlandt, 2003).”
From Working memory training involves learning new skills (2019) · cites this paper as Conrad, 1965
In the citing paper
“One of the ways in which the task can be accomplished is by peeling off the last item across successive forward retrievals of diminishing length (Conrad, 1965; Anders & Lillyquist, 1971; Norris et al., in preparation).”
From Working memory training involves learning new skills (2019) · cites this paper as Conrad, 1965
Citations
Cites
ACOUSTIC CONFUSIONS IN IMMEDIATE MEMORY
CONRAD, R. (1964) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00899.x · Cited by 1,390
INFORMATION, ACOUSTIC CONFUSION AND MEMORY SPAN
CONRAD, R., & HULL, A. J. (1964) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00928.x · Cited by 713
Self-citationThe retention of individual items.
Murdock, B. B. (1961) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043657 · Cited by 261
An Association between Memory Errors and Errors due to Acoustic Masking of Speech
CONRAD, R. (1962) · Nature · doi:10.1038/1931314a0 · Cited by 123
Acoustic Confusions and Memory Span for Words
CONRAD, R. (1963) · Nature · doi:10.1038/1971029a0 · Cited by 113
Vocalization-at-presentation and Immediate Recall, with Varying Presentation-Rates
Murray, D. J. (1965) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470216508416407 · Cited by 104
SERIAL ORDER INTRUSIONS IN IMMEDIATE MEMORY
CONRAD, R. (1960) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1960.tb00723.x · Cited by 99
CONRAD, R. (1959) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1959.tb00714.x · Cited by 79
RATE OF PRESENTATION AND ORDER OF RECALL IN IMMEDIATE MEMORY
Posner, M. I. (1964) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1964.tb00914.x · Cited by 67
Kay, H., & Poulton, E. C. (1951) · British Journal of Psychology General Section · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1951.tb00280.x · Cited by 32
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–198 of 198
Kazerounian, S., & Grossberg, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01053 · Cited by 22
Is STM involved in sentence comprehension?
Papagno, C., & Cecchetto, C. (2018) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2018.08.028 · Cited by 22
Transposition asymmetry in immediate serial recall
Haberlandt, K. F., Thomas, J. G., Lawrence, H., & Krohn, T. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210344000297 · Cited by 22
Aging and the Ranschburg effect: No evidence of reduced response suppression in old age.
Maylor, E. A., & Henson, R. N. (2000) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.15.4.657 · Cited by 24
The phonological similarity effect in immediate recall: Positions of shared phonemes
Li, X., Schweickert, R., & Gandour, J. (2000) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211813 · Cited by 22
Rehearsal strategies and response cueing as determinants of organization in free recall
Allen, M. (1968) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(68)80164-1 · Cited by 22
The problem of serial order in skilled typing.
Snyder, K. M., & Logan, G. D. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/a0037199 · Cited by 15
Pauses and durations exhibit a serial position effect
Haberlandt, K. F., Lawrence, H., Krohn, L., Bower, K., & Thomas, J. G. (2005) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03196361 · Cited by 21
Processing of identity and position information in normal and disabled readers
Manis, F. R., & Morrison, F. J. (1982) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-0965(82)90007-8 · Cited by 20
Serial learning and order information.
Slamecka, N. J. (1967) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0024504 · Cited by 20
Serial order in short-term memory
Henson, R. N. (2001) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 19
Associations Compete Directly in Memory
Caplan, J. B., Rehani, M., & Andrews, J. C. (2013) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2013.838591 · Cited by 19
Short-term recall of repeated items and detection of repetitions in letter sequences.
Lee, C. L. (1976) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Learning & Memory · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.2.2.120 · Cited by 19
Time Course of Retrieval and Movement Preparation in Music Performance
Palmėr, C. (2005) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1360.030 · Cited by 15
Interference and the Representation of Order within Associations
Rehani, M., & Caplan, J. B. (2011) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17470218.2010.549945 · Cited by 19
Lian, A., Karlsen, P. J., & Winsvold, B. S. (2001) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210143000074 · Cited by 19
Recognition memory for item and order information.
Donaldson, W., & Glathe, H. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028375 · Cited by 19
Byrne, E. M., Ewbank, M., Gathercole, S. E., & Holmes, J. (2020) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105552 · Cited by 18
Aging and Inhibitory Processes in Memory, Attentional, and Motor Tasks
Maylor, E. A., Schlaghecken, F., & Watson, D. G. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511720413.013 · Cited by 18
Repetition effects in immediate memory when there are no repeated elements in the stimuli.
Crowder, R. G. (1968) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0026640 · Cited by 17
Short-term memory for the order of pictures and syllables by deaf and hearing children
O’Connor, N., & Hermelin, B. (1973) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(73)90031-6 · Cited by 17
Lian, A., & Karlsen, P. J. (2004) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03196854 · Cited by 17
The phonological neighbourhood effect on short-term memory for order
Clarkson, L., Roodenrys, S. J., Miller, L. M., & Hulme, C. (2016) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2016.1179330 · Cited by 15
The New C Standard An Economic and Cultural Commentary
Jones, D. M. (2004) · Cited by 16
Digit span recall error analysis in pediatric cochlear implant users
Burkholder, R. A., & Pisoni, D. B. (2004) · International Congress Series · doi:10.1016/j.ics.2004.08.030 · Cited by 13
Ease of access to list items in short-term memory depends on the order of the recognition probes.
Lange, E. B., Cerella, J., & Verhaeghen, P. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0022220 · Cited by 13
Role of verbal working memory in rapid procedural acquisition of a choice response task
Monsell, S., & Graham, B. (2021) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104731 · Cited by 13
EEG Activity Underlying Successful Study of Associative and Order Information
Caplan, J. B., Glaholt, M. G., & McIntosh, A. R. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.21167 · Cited by 12
Coding of Spatial and Temporal Information in Episodic Memory
Berch, D. B. (1979) · Advances in child development and behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-2407(08)60341-9 · Cited by 12
Stimulus factors and listening strategies in auditory memory: An experimental demonstration
Aaronson, D. (1974) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(74)90007-3 · Cited by 12
Zhang, L., & Osth, A. F. (2023) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101619 · Cited by 14
Issues with the SIMPLE model: Comment on Brown, Neath, and Chater (2007).
Murdock, B. B. (2008) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.115.3.779 · Cited by 11
The Three “Ws” of Episodic Memory: What, When, and Where
Nairne, J. S. (2015) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.128.2.0267 · Cited by 12
Zhang, Y., & Verhaeghen, P. (2009) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.05.009 · Cited by 11
Proactive interference in short-term recognition: Trace interaction or competition?
Hawkins, H. L., Pardo, V. J., & Cox, R. D. (1972) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0032160 · Cited by 11
Storage and retrieval of serial‐order information
Murdock, B. B. (2004) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658210344000260 · Cited by 10
Formal Modeling in Research on Episodic Memory and Aging
Spaniol, J., & Bayen, U. J. (2004) · Cited by 10
A positional coding mechanism in pigeons after learning multiple three-item lists
Scarf, D., & Colombo, M. (2010) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-010-0315-z · Cited by 9
Analysis and interpretation of serial position data
Olson, A., Romani, C., & Caramazza, A. (2010) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643294.2010.504580 · Cited by 9
Chaining models of serial recall can produce positional errors
Caplan, J. B., Ardebili, A. S., & Liu, Y. S. (2022) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2022.102677 · Cited by 9
Why does the phonological similarity effect reverse with nonwords?
Karlsen, P. J., Imenes, A. G., Johannessen, K., Endestad, T., & Lian, A. (2006) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-005-0042-2 · Cited by 8
Pictures and words and space and time: In search of the elusive interaction.
Snodgrass, J. G., Burns, P. M., & Pirone, G. V. (1978) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.107.2.206 · Cited by 8
The Psychology of Memory—1969: A Bibliography
Levy, C. M., & Lam, K. D. (1971) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1971.33.3.799 · Cited by 8
Extending the Influence of Contextual Information in ACT-R using Buffer Decay
Thomson, R., Bennati, S., & Lebiere, C. J. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 7
Logan, G. D., Lilburn, S. D., & Ulrich, J. E. (2023) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2023.101583 · Cited by 7
Karlsen, P. J., & Lian, A. (2005) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03193070 · Cited by 7
Gumenik, W. E. (1969) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0028047 · Cited by 7
Fixed and Random Address Models for Storing Order in Short-Term Memory
McNicol, D. (1975) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/14640747508400486 · Cited by 7
Dynamic Representation of Structural Constraints in Models of Serial Behaviour
Glasspool, D. W., & Houghton, G. (1998) · Perspectives in neural computing · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-1546-5_21 · Cited by 7
Integrity of input verbal short-term memory ability predicts naming accuracy in aphasia
Sayers, M. J., Laval, D., Reilly, J. J., & Martin, N. (2022) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2022.2043233 · Cited by 6
Coding Strategies of Normal and Handicapped Children
O’Connor, N., & Hermelin, B. (1981) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9197-9_10 · Cited by 6
Guitard, D., & Saint‐Aubin, J. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale · doi:10.1037/cep0000248 · Cited by 6
Deininger, R. L., Billington, M. J., & Riesz, R. R. (1966) · IEEE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics · doi:10.1109/thfe.1966.232336 · Cited by 6
The Role of the Interpolated Task in Short-Term Retention
Conrad, R., & Hull, A. J. (1966) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/14640746608400039 · Cited by 5
Buffer Storage Modality and Identification Time in Tachistoscopic Recognition
Mitchell, D. C. (1976) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/14640747608400560 · Cited by 5
Investigating mental representation of order with a speeded probed recall task
Morra, S., Calvini, G., & Bracco, F. (2009) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.07.008 · Cited by 4
Differences in memory for what, where, and when components of recently formed episodes
Sakon, J. J., & Kiani, R. (2022) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00250.2021 · Cited by 4
Dual representation of item positions in verbal short-term memory: Evidence for two access modes
Lange, E. B., Verhaeghen, P., & Cerella, J. (2010) · The European Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1080/09541440903155658 · Cited by 4
Healy, A. F., & Bonk, W. J. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370509-9.00173-x · Cited by 4
The confusion of order in short-term memory
McNicol, D. (1971) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049537108254600 · Cited by 4
Further Comment: on Reading, Language, and Learning
Vellutino, F. R. (1979) · Harvard Educational Review · doi:10.17763/haer.49.1.h875w6756246g113 · Cited by 4
Acoustic confusions and order forgetting
Gruneberg, M. M., & Melton, K. C. (1972) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/0001-6918(72)90044-3 · Cited by 3
On free recall and free-recall scoring in immediate memory
Crowder, R. G. (1969) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03329109 · Cited by 3
Laughery, K. R., & Pinkus, A. L. (1970) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-2496(70)90040-4 · Cited by 3
Recalling recent exemplars of a category.
Fozard, J. L., Myers, J. R., & Waugh, N. C. (1971) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0031557 · Cited by 3
A MULTICOMPONENT THEORY OF THE MEMORY TRACE
Bower, G. H. (1977) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-121050-2.50018-1 · Cited by 3
Independence of serial position and response conflict in pre-planned manual response sequences
Wühr, P., & Koch, I. (2011) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.07.004 · Cited by 2
Speeded Probed Recall Is Affected by Grouping
Morra, S., & Epidendio, V. (2015) · Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) · doi:10.1027/1618-3169/a000302 · Cited by 2
An Economic and Cultural Commentary
Jones, D. M. (2005) · Cited by 2
Mosher, D. L. (1969) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03332710 · Cited by 2
The origins of transpositions in short-term memory
McNicol, D. (1971) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049537108254590 · Cited by 2
Maintaining information online in discrete time; rethinking working memory processes
Stephane, M. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.024 · Cited by 1
Sumioka, N., Williams, A., & Yamada, J. (2016) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-015-9411-1 · Cited by 1
Costa, V., Giglia, G., Talamanca, S., Finocchiaro, C., Cosentino, G., Fierro, B., & Brighina, F. (2021) · Symmetry · doi:10.3390/sym13112077 · Cited by 1
Guitard, D., & Saint‐Aubin, J. (2022) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2022.2079675 · Cited by 1
Intelligence and Learning: Specific and General Handicap
O’Connor, N., & Hermelin, B. (1981) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-1083-9_5 · Cited by 1
The Role of Cognitive Dissonance in Social NetworksPreprint
Akiba, H. T., Dias, Á. M., Ferracioli-Oda, E., Ikeda, R. H., & de Oliveira, M. A. (2011) · Nature Precedings · doi:10.1038/npre.2011.6682.1 · Cited by 1
Current Developments in Communication Research
Borden, G. A. (1965) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1965.tb01332.x · Cited by 1
Memory for time: The use of temporal codes versus contextual information.
Fradera, A. J. (2006) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1
Explorations with a simulation model of short-term memory
Laughery, K. R., & Pinkus, A. L. (1969) · International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence · Cited by 1
The structure of order error in the build-up of proactive interference in short-term memory
Turvey, M. T. (1968) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03327666
The Terrace simultaneous chaining paradigm
Murdock, B. B. (2010) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2009.12.010
“Acoustic confusions” in short-term memory and auditory imaging
Rich, R. (1970) · Australian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00049537008254572
Time further out: an investigation of age-related changes in temporal and causal order memory.
Denkinger, B. (2011) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
The New C Standard (Excerpted material) An Economic and Cultural Commentary
Jones, D. M. (2008)
Gomes, J. S., Akiba, H. T., Furtado, P. C., Ando, R. A. R., de Oliveira, M. A., & Dias, Á. M. (2013) · Journal of Biomedical Graphics and Computing · doi:10.5430/jbgc.v4n1p27
Word length effects in immediate and delayed order reconstruction tasks
Toga, M., & Hoshino, Y. (2015) · The Japanese Journal of Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.5265/jcogpsy.12.121
Dolenc, B., & Repovš, G. (2014) · Psihološka obzorja · doi:10.20419/2014.23.391
Gouws, E. P. (2010) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria)
Human order memory: insights from the relative-order task
Liu, Y. (2015) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3tx35f33
Howes, M. B., & O’Shea, G. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-408087-4.00003-7
(2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-408087-4.00020-7
Byrne, E. M., Ewbank, M., Gathercole, S. E., & Holmes, J. (2019) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/3bf6x
Current Developments in Communication Research
Borden, G. A. (1965) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1965.tb01347.x
(1981) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)60222-8
Child Consonant Harmony Revisited: The Role of Lexical Memory Constraints and Segment Repetition
Ota, M. (2024) · Language and Speech · doi:10.1177/00238309241297703
Metadata
- Authors
- Conrad, R.
- Affiliations
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Conrad, R.
- Venue
- Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1965-06
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 161-169
- ISSN
- 0022-5371 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2061201469
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- immediate serial recall, transposition errors, acoustic similarity, memory models, vocabulary size
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review