The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Facial expression recognition in Williams syndrome
Open accessAbstract
Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) excel in face recognition and show both a remarkable concern for social stimuli and a linguistic capacity for, in particular, emotionally referenced language. The animated full facial expression comprehension test (AFFECT), a new test of emotional expression perception, was used to compare participants with WS with both chronological and mental age-matched controls. It was found that expression recognition in WS was worse than that of chronologically age-matched controls but indistinguishable from that of mental age controls. Different processing strategies are thought to underlie the similar performance of individuals with WS and mental age controls. The expression recognition performance of individuals with WS did not correlate with age, but was instead found to correlate with IQ. This is compared to earlier findings, replicated here, that face recognition performance on the Benton test correlates with age and not IQ. The results of the Benton test have been explained in terms of individuals with WS being good at face recognition; since a piecemeal strategy can be used, this strategy is improved with practice which would explain the correlation with age. We propose that poor expression recognition of the individuals with WS is due to a lack of configural ability since changes in the configuration of the face are an important part of expressions. Furthermore, these reduced configural abilities may be due to abnormal neuronal development and are thus fixed from an early age.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition, affected individuals show deficits in social understanding, as evidenced by difficulty identifying affect (Gagliardi et al., 2003; Plesa-Skwerer et al., 2006) or other’s mental states (Jarvinen-Pasley et al., 2008).”
From Oxytocin and vasopressin systems in genetic syndromes and neurodevelopmental disorders (2014) · cites this paper as Gagliardi et al., 2003
Citations
Cites
Ekman, P. (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,345
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372669a0 · Cited by 2,360
Contributions to Neuropsychological Assessment
Sarazin, F. (1996) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 1,151
Hemizygosity at the elastin locus in a developmental disorder, Williams syndrome
Ewart, A. K., Morris, C. A., Atkinson, D., Jin, W., Sternes, K., Spallone, P., Stock, A. D., Leppert, M., & Keating, M. T. (1993) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng0993-11 · Cited by 1,138
From Piecemeal to Configurational Representation of Faces
Carey, S. E., & Diamond, R. (1977) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.831281 · Cited by 844
Prototyping and Transforming Facial Textures for Perception Research
Tiddeman, B. P., Burt, M., & Perrett, D. (2001) · IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications · doi:10.1109/38.946630 · Cited by 838
Self-citationMuscatelli, F., Strom, T. M., Walker, A. P., Zanaria, E., Récan, D., Meindl, A., Bardoni, B., Guioli, S., Zehetner, G., Rabl, W., et al. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372672a0 · Cited by 753
Facial Emotion Recognition after Bilateral Amygdala Damage: Differentially Severe Impairment of Fear
Calder, A. J. (1996) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/026432996381890 · Cited by 712
Early visual experience and face processing
Grand, R. L., Mondloch, C. J., Maurer, D. M., & Brent, H. P. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35073749 · Cited by 578
II. Hypersociability in Williams Syndrome
Jones, W., Bellugi, U., Lai, Z., Chiles, M., Reilly, J., Lincoln, A., & Adolphs, R. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900561968 · Cited by 503
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Benson PJ, Perrett DI. Computer averaging and manipulation of faces. In: Wombell P. editor. Photovideo: photography in the age of the computer. London: Rivers Oram Press; 1991. p. 32–8.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Herba, C., & Phillips, M. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00316.x · Cited by 526
Martens, M. A., Wilson, S. J., & Reutens, D. C. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01887.x · Cited by 479
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Mervis, C. B., & Faith Berman, K. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1906 · Cited by 411
The neuropsychological basis of hypersociability in Williams and Down syndrome
Porter, M. A., Coltheart, M., & Langdon, R. (2007) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.006 · Cited by 240
Montagne, B., Kessels, R. P. C., de Haan, E. H. F., & Perrett, D. I. (2007) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.104.2.589-598 · Cited by 234
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Gagliardi, C., Frigerio, E., Burt, D. M., Cazzaniga, I., Perrett, D. I., & Borgatti, R.
- Affiliations
- IRCCS Eugenio Medea (IT)
- University of Milan (IT)
- University of St Andrews (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Gagliardi, Chiara
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-01
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 733-738
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2088106664
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 1.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (acceptedVersion)
- Durham Research Online (Durham University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Williams Syndrome Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- Williams syndrome, facial expression recognition, emotional expression perception, configural processing, mental age, IQ, face recognition (cognition), neuronal development, social cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Affect, Child, Child, Preschool, Facial Expression, Female, Humans, Intelligence, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Case-Control Studies, Williams Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
