The DOI matches its Crossref record; 5 of the 5 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Phosphenes and transient scotomas induced by magnetic stimulation of the occipital lobe: their topographic relationship
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the visual cortex is known to induce phosphenes and is able to suppress visual perception. To address the topographic relationship of phosphenes and transient scotomas, the visual field of 10 normal subjects was investigated using a perimetric approach. The central visual field (diameter: 20 degrees) was tested at 32 sites. Perceptual thresholds were determined by presenting 1 ms test spots flashed with varying intensity in random order. TMS was applied with a focal figure-of-eight coil placed over the inion. All subjects perceived phosphenes, mostly restricted to one of the lower quadrants within the visual field. In 13 out of 15 investigations, a magnetic stimulus triggered 100 ms after the visual target resulted in a relative scotoma with threshold changes of 8 dB or more. In 9 of 13 investigations, scotomas coincided spatially with sketches of phosphenes made by subjects in a separate test. Scotomas covered only a small percentage of the total visual field, which may explain the failure of previous studies to find perceptual suppression with the focal coil. The present result demonstrates that phosphenes evoked during TMS can serve as a guide for optimal visual stimulus alignment in neuropsychological experiments.
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“Modeling and experimental work suggest that the spatial resolution of direct TMS stimulation is 5–10 mm (11, 41).”
From Disruption of the right temporoparietal junction with transcranial magnetic stimulation reduces the role of beliefs in moral judgments (2010) · cites this paper as [41]
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A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Kammer, T., Scharnowski, F., & Herzog, M. H. (2003) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00376-8 · Cited by 18
“The coil was oriented with the handle horizontally and a position was chosen that led to an intense phosphene in the contralateral visual field of the observer [13].”
InfluentialSelf-citationThe cortical representation of centrally presented words: A magnetic stimulation study
Michal Lavidor, B., Ellison, A., & Walsh, V. (2003) · Visual Cognition · doi:10.1080/13506280244000131 · Cited by 18
Transcranial stimulability of phosphenes by long lightning electromagnetic pulses
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Microstimulation of V1 delays visually guided saccades: a parametric evaluation of delay fields
Tehovnik, E. J., & Slocum, W. M. (2006) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0625-1 · Cited by 17
“applied some 100 ms after target onset (Kastner et al. 1998; Kamitani and Shimojo 1999; Kammer 1999; Corthout et al. 2001; Kammer et al. 2005a) even though interference can occur when TMS is delivered at target onset (Corthout et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialVisual cortical activity in Charles Bonnet syndrome: testing the deafferentation hypothesis
Morgan, K. D., Collerton, D., Firbank, M., Schumacher, J., Ffytche, D. H., & Taylor, J. (2025) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12741-2 · Cited by 16
“Since high inter-individual variability in phosphene thresholds within the general population has previously been noted [31], it is possible that the ED-controls in this study reside on the lower end of the ‘normal’ visual cortical excitability spectrum and are relatively protected against VH…”
Retinal and Cortical Contributions to Phosphenes During Transcranial Electrical Current Stimulation
Evans, I. D., Palmisano, S. A., & Croft, R. J. (2021) · Bioelectromagnetics · doi:10.1002/bem.22317 · Cited by 16
“If tECS can produce phosphenes from direct occipital cortex activation, then it is plausible that tECS‐induced phosphene perceptions might also result from stimulating cortical areas associated with visual processing that lie outside the occipital lobe, as has been found in multiple TMS studies [Kammer, 1999; Kammer e…”
ResultInfluentialChapter 30 Transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation of the visual cortex
Antal, A., Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2003) · Supplements to Clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70233-8 · Cited by 16
Tapia, E., Mazzi, C., Savazzi, S., & Beck, D. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-3888-y · Cited by 9
“Phosphenes and scotomas typically appear in the same retinotopic location (Kammer, 1999; Kastner, Demmer, & Ziemann, 1998) and are thought to result from stimulation of the same brain structures in the early visual cortex, primarily V1–V3 (Cowey & Walsh, 2000; Kammer et al.”
InfluentialRetinotopy with coordinates of lateral occipital cortex in humans
Kaido, T., Hoshida, T., Taoka, T., & Sakaki, T. (2004) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2004.101.1.0114 · Cited by 15
Visual cortical prosthesis: an electrical perspective
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Leitão, J., Thielscher, A., Tünnerhoff, J., & Noppeney, U. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181438 · Cited by 12
Chapter 31 Neural correlates of phosphene perception
Meister, I. G., Weidemann, J., Dambeck, N., Foltys, H., Sparing, R., Krings, T., Thron, A. K., & Boroojerdi, B. (2003) · Supplements to Clinical neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1567-424x(09)70234-x · Cited by 11
“Studies investigating the cortical site of phosphene perception using different TMS coil positions are yet to determine the exact site in the visual system (Kammer, 1999; Kammer et al., 2001).”
MethodOliver, R., Opavský, R., Vyslouzil, M., Greenwood, R., & Rothwell, J. C. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07664.x · Cited by 11
“respectively) was much less than that typically needed over V1 to elicit visual field scotomata (70–90% of maximum stimulator output) (Kamitani & Shimojo, 1999; Kammer, 1999).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChiang, T.-C., Walsh, V., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.06.006 · Cited by 11
Role of primary visual cortex in the binocular integration of plaid motion perception
Saint‐Amour, D., Walsh, V., Guillemot, J., Lassonde, M. C., & Leporé, F. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.03914.x · Cited by 11
“knowledge of the underlying topography of striate cortex (Kastner et al., 1998; Kammer, 1999; Boroojerdi et al., 2000), the time course of visual processing (Pascual-Leone & Walsh, 2001; Campana et al.”
BackgroundWebster, K., & Ro, T. (2017) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-017-5022-4 · Cited by 10
“1991; Marg and Rodiak 1994; Kammer 1999) or interrupting the processing of visual information (Amassian et al. 1989, 1994; Kamitani and Shimojo 1999; Kammer 1999).”
Elkin-Frankston, S., Fried, P. J., Rushmore, J., & Valero‐Cabré, A. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.02.013 · Cited by 10
Transcranial magnetic stimulation and vision
Silvanto, J. (2013) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53497-2.00052-8 · Cited by 9
Magnetic stimulation studies of foveal representation
Michal Lavidor, B. (2003) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/s0093-934x(03)00167-6 · Cited by 9
Murd, C., Luiga, I., Kreegipuu, K., & Bachmann, T. (2010) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.06.001 · Cited by 8
“…primarily a burst of chaotic neuronal activity that competes with pertinent stimulus signals and acts as an uncorrelated masking noise, or does it produce inhibition of pertinent signal processing (e.g., Kammer, 1999, 2007; Walsh and Pascual-Leone, 2003; Harris et al., 2008; Ruzzoli et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialWhere Are the fMRI Correlates of Phosphene Perception?
de Graaf, T. A., van den Hurk, J., Duecker, F., & Sack, A. T. (2018) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00883 · Cited by 8
“The experience is fleeting, but spatially specific, retinotopically organized relative to the stimulated cortical area, and relatively reliable as observers gain experience reporting on their perception (Marg and Rudiak, 1994; Kammer, 1999; Kammer et al., 2005).”
Backgroundde Graaf, T. A., Duecker, F., Fernholz, M. H. P., & Sack, A. T. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00005 · Cited by 8
“The application of occipital TMS to disrupt visual processing has since its establishment (Amassian et al., 1989) been replicated many times (Beckers and Hömberg, 1991; Kammer and Nusseck, 1998; Kastner et al., 1998; Kammer, 1999; Kammer et al., 2005a,b).”
BackgroundMethodChiang, T.-C., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2004) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-004-2166-9 · Cited by 8
“and 2 cm above the inion, then moved to find the best place where it produced contralateral phosphenes (Kammer 1999; Marg 1991).”
BackgroundMethodDinse, H. R., Höffken, O., & Tegenthoff, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2023.1235487 · Cited by 7
“Therefore, thresholds of phosphene induction can be measured and expressed as relative stimulator outputs, which has been used as a simple, non-invasive method to assess excitability in human visual cortex (Kammer, 1999; Sparing et al., 2005).”
MethodTheoretical Implications on Visual (Color) Representation and Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs
Bókkon, I., & Vimal, R. L. P. (2013) · Activitas Nervosa Superior · doi:10.1007/bf03379594 · Cited by 7
“Phosphenes induced in V1, V2, and V3 visual areas usually are stationary small blob-like forms (wedges, crescents, ellipses) (Kammer, 1999).”
Stengel, C., Sanches, C., Toba, M. N., & Valero‐Cabré, A. (2022) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2021.12.014 · Cited by 7
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies of Face Processing
Pitcher, D., Walsh, V., & Duchaine, B. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199559053.013.0019 · Cited by 9
“For example, phosphenes (perceived flashes of light induced by delivering TMS over V1) can be elicited with a resolution of 1-2 degrees of visual angle which equals a functional specificity mapped across 9-18mm of early visual cortex (Kammer, 1999).”
BackgroundTani, N., Hirata, M., Motoki, Y., Saitoh, Y., Yanagisawa, T., Goto, T., Hosomi, K., Kozu, A., Kishima, H., & Yorifuji, S. (2010) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2010.03.006 · Cited by 6
Differential effect of visual motion adaption upon visual cortical excitability
Lubeck, A. J. A., Ombergen, A. V., Ahmad, H., Bos, J. E., Wuyts, F. L., Bronstein, A. M., & Arshad, Q. (2016) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00655.2016 · Cited by 6
“This functional localization technique has been proved to be efficient and has been widely accepted in the literature (e.g., Arshad et al. 2014; GuzmanLopez et al. 2011; Kammer 1998; Pascual-Leone and Walsh 2001; Stewart et al. 1999).”
MethodCombining NIBS with EEG: What Can It Tell Us About Normal Cognition?
Taylor, P. C. J. (2018) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-018-0153-x · Cited by 7
Magnetic Stimulation of the Right Visual Cortex Impairs Form-specific Priming
Pobric, G., Schweinberger, S. R., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.6.1013 · Cited by 6
“…the suppression of visual perception tasks with TMS were reported at similar sites (Lavidor et al., 2003; Pascual-Leone & Walsh, 2001; Stewart, Ellison, Walsh, & Cowey, 2001; Cowey & Walsh, 2000; Kammer, 1999; Stewart, Battelli, Walsh, & Cowey, 1999; Kastner et al., 1998; Amassian et al., 1989).”
BackgroundTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation and the Study of Cognition
Théoret, H., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2003) · Neuropsychology and cognition · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1163-2_8 · Cited by 6
Bypassing input to V1 in visual awareness: A TMS-EROS investigation
Knight, R. S., Chen, T., Gratton, G., Fabiani, M., Savazzi, S., Mazzi, C., & Beck, D. M. (2024) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108864 · Cited by 6
Shining new light on dark percepts: visual sensations induced by TMS
Knight, R. S., Mazzi, C., & Savazzi, S. (2015) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-015-4381-y · Cited by 5
Rassovsky, Y., Lee, J., Nori, P., Wu, A. D., Iacoboni, M., Breitmeyer, B. G., Hellemann, G., & Green, M. F. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.07.017 · Cited by 5
“It should be noted that most studies determine coil positioning using phosphene time (Antal et al., 2002; Corthout et al., 1999; Kammer, 1999; Pascual-Leone and Walsh, 2001).”
Where Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation is headed to: The Modular Extended Magnetic Stimulator
Neukirchinger, F., Kersten, A., Kuder, M., Lohse, B., Schwitzgebel, F., & Weyh, T. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Environment and Electrical Engineering and IEEE Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Europe (EEEIC / I&CPS Europe) · doi:10.1109/eeeic/icpseurope51590.2021.9584674 · Cited by 5
A review of transcranial magnetic stimulation
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“A single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation induces muscle twitches when applied to the motor cortex[19] but produces visual light flashes when applied to the occipital cortex by stimulating the visual centers of the brain.[20] Similarly high frequency Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation produces different effects…”
BackgroundTemporal Dynamics of Corticocortical Inhibition in Human Visual Cortex: A TMS Study
Khammash, D., Simmonite, M., Polk, T. A., Taylor, S. F., & Meehan, S. K. (2019) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.003 · Cited by 5
“…(so-called phosphenes) or suppress visual perception has been used to assess cortical function under varying circumstances in healthy and clinical populations (Kammer, 1998; Kastner et al., 1998; Boroojerdi et al., 2000; Gerwig et al., 2005; Silvanto et al., 2007, 2017; Cattaneo et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPrecise oculocentric mapping of transcranial magnetic stimulation-evoked phosphenes
Silva, A. E., Tsang, K., Hasan, S. J., & Thompson, B. S. (2021) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000001683 · Cited by 4
Assessing temporal processing of facial emotion perception with transcranial magnetic stimulation
Rassovsky, Y., Lee, J., Nori, P., Wu, A. D., Iacoboni, M., Breitmeyer, B. G., Hellemann, G., & Green, M. F. (2013) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.136 · Cited by 4
“In this technique, the lower edge of the coil is typically positioned 2 cm rostral to the upper edge of the inion, and the intensity of stimulation is typically set at 80% of each participant’s individual V1 phosphene threshold, defined as the TMS intensity where perception of clear stationary phosphenes are perceived…”
BackgroundSolano, J. L. G., Pacheco, E. M., Femat‐Roldán, G., Montalvo, J. I. P., & Góngora‐Rivera, F. (2016) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2016.11.015 · Cited by 3
Progress in cognitive neuroscientific studies of visual awareness
Li, Q., & Geng, H. (2008) · Progress in Natural Science Materials International · doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.06.013 · Cited by 3
“When TMS strength is above a certain threshold, it can induce stationary phosphenes in V1 and moving phosphenes in the V5 [29,30].”
BackgroundReverse engineering the human brain
Walsh, V. (2000) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsta.2000.0543 · Cited by 4
“Correlating excitation with temporary blindness (Kammer 1999), recreating the e¬ects of brain damage (Walsh & Cowey 1998; Walsh & Rushworth 1999), and elaborating the ne temporal structure of the interactions between di¬erent areas within a system; all seem to be reasons for brain engineers to be…”
BackgroundMethodRapid modulation of choice behavior by ultrasound on the human frontal eye fields
Farboud, S., Kop, B. R., Koolschijn, R. S., Walstra, S. L., Marques, J. P., Четвериков, А. А., Medendorp, W. P., Verhagen, L., & den Ouden, H. E. M. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-69854-7 · Cited by 2
“In contrast to magnetic or electrical stimulation, which can directly elicit evoked responses (motor-evoked potentials 33 ; visual-evoked potentials 34,35 ), TUS at the low intensities employed in the current study is thought to act through modulating sub-fi ring…”
Transkranielle Magnetstimulation in der neuropsychiatrischen Forschung
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Probing the mind with magnetism
Stewart, L., & Walsh, V. (2000) · Goldsmiths (University of London) · Cited by 2
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Silson, E. H. (2013) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 1
Disruption of visual perception and its spatio-temporal dynamics
Wokke, M. E. (2013) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 1
TMS, phosphenes and visual mental imagery: A mini-review and a theoretical framework
Bókkon, I., Kirby, M., & D’Angiulli, A. (2009) · Nature Precedings · doi:10.1038/npre.2009.3244.1 · Cited by 1
Remote Effects of OFA Disruption on the Face Perception Network Revealed by Consecutive TMS-FMRI
Solomon-Harris, L. M. (2014) · YorkSpace (York University) · Cited by 1
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Kortikale Exzitabilität – Messung und Modulation
Eschweiler, G. W., & Plewnia, C. (2003) · Nervenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1624396 · Cited by 1
“Messungen der Erregbarkeit des visuellen Systems (4, 26) sind jedoch mittelbar, anhand der Angaben der Patienten, möglich (z.B. Messung der Phosphenschwelle).”
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Vernazzani, A. (2015) · Cognitive Science
Segregated and integrated hemispheric processes in vision and movement
Chiang, T.-C. (2006) · Doctoral thesis, University of London.
Estimulación magnética transcraneal
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RETRACTED CHAPTER: Artifact Rejection for Concurrent TMS-EEG Data
Wu, W., Keller, C. J., & Etkin, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-71976-4_6
RetractedWebster, K. (2020) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York)
Heyl, F. (2020) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-7803
TMS, phosphenes and visual mental imagery: A mini-review and a theoretical framework
D’Angiulli, A., Bókkon, I., Kirby, M., & D’Angiulli, A. (2009) · Nature Precedings · doi:10.1038/npre.2009.3244
Berkmush-Antipova, A., Syrov, N., Yakovlev, L., Demchinsky, A., Miroshnikov, A., Shusharina, N. N., & Kaplan, A. (2023) · Scientific School Dynamics of Complex Networks and their Applications (DCNA) · doi:10.1109/dcna59899.2023.10290238
The modulation of visuospatial awareness in the human brain using transcranial magnetic stimulation
Oliver, R. (2011) · UCL Discovery (University College London)
TMS-evoked phosphenes and oculomotor responses in visual-snow syndromePreprint
Akinshin, R., Shankhoeva, D., Gribanov, D., Berkmush-Antipova, A., Meschanina, P., Tomilina, I., Ostrovskaia, E., Gostilovich, S., Syrov, N., Phan, A. H., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.02.05.26344851
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kammer, T.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Society (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Kammer, Thomas
- ORCID
- Kammer, Thomas
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1998-11
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 191-198
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1494786883
- Cited by
- 170
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- phosphenes, transcranial magnetic stimulation, visual cortex, occipital lobe, visual field topography, perceptual suppression, visual perception, visual field testing
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Magnetics, Male, Occipital Lobe, Phosphenes, Scotoma, Time Factors, Visual Fields
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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